History Of The Somalia History Essay

The vital geopolitical history of Somaliland non just demonstrates its significance to the early African grounds however has proceeded to so to this current twenty-four hours. It ‘s situated in the focal point of the Horn of Africa with a nation of 637,540 square kilometers and is undeniably situated at the crossing point non simply to stock ways, however to the door of antediluvian and modernizing Africa. Somali history day of the months back to the Paleolithic Age and Cave picture going back to 9000 mature ages BC has been recorded. Its area with Djibouti toward the North West, Kenya toward the South, Gulf of Aden on the North, Indian Ocean to the E, and Ethiopia on the West has added to its criticalness. In vindictiveness of its vital area it has, in contrast to other African expresses, no old history of vanquishing, and all things considered, gave ulterior European expresses a five star opportunity to see different civilisations than their own-especially those of African Kingdoms. Antiquated Somalia is accounted for to hold had exchanging dealingss with a considerable lot of the trade states during the in the middle of Ages, and as an impact situated Africa as an of import mainland in the old universe. Among others, cinnamon exchange to Europe, especially to the old universe of Rome and Greece was incredibly esteemed. The majority of the cinnamon was gotten from the East, especially India. Moreover since the Somali state comprised of a few Sultanates, it stayed cardinal to sea and exchanging developments of that period. Known as the Kingdom of Punt in old occasions, it other than had close dealingss with other of import African terrains especially that of Egypt, Nubia and Ethiopia. As an impact, portions of Somali human advancement and signifiers as often as possible look like that of the pyramid-culture of Egypt and other close to neighbors. Unequivocally impacted by the Arab human progress, this African culture displays an exceptional blend of the two. Islam was brought to that part of the universe around 825 A.D. Somalia ‘s position on the African landmass was other than the result of its cozy relationship with the Ottoman and German Empires. With the ascent of the Arab universe in the Middle East and its oil industry, Somalia keeps on keeping its significance inside this industry. It other than stays compelling in the Islamic universe, empowering Somali to go an individual from the Arab League in 1974. This state has other than played an of import and extraordinary capacity in the African Union which was framed extremely much in the convention and plan of the European Union. Training is very esteemed all through Somalia albeit a higher guidance is still priority. It has a few colleges with the University of Mogadishu viewed as one of the best in the state yet close to truly outstanding in Africa. Socially, the Somalis are Muslims and as such conventional otherworldly guidance is uniquely of import with the goal that it is instructed at a quranic schools over the state. Muslim writing created by the Somalis is other than acceptable perceived in different pieces of the Moslem universe as is their music and vocals. Both the rustic and urban social orders are adjusted through these otherworldly schools. The improvement of Somali lawful development as a blend of Roman Dutch law and Sharia statute. Right now it practices common conventional information, otherworldly and customary statute. Somalia comprises of a figure of family based autonomous territories. Somali one time bragged a solid financial framework inside the formal and casual part. Exchange, corporate greed, transport and global connections all guaranteed of dynamic future.. This showed Somali are rapidly going towards a modernizing society. A large portion of the West ‘s transnational organizations, for case the creation exchange, multinationals and Bankss all have regions in the boss metropoliss in Somalia Somalia has been plentiful in mineral assets and the ongoing revelation of noteworthy oil volunteer armies has flooded its situation among the industrializing states whose interest for oil especially in the main part of the Middle East emergency is holding a solid effect on its financial framework. Somalia has the biggest ground powers in Africa with 10,000 military work forces on the field. Somalia has close on to 2 million individuals and 85 % of them Somalis and the rest of to other people. Of these 34 % unrecorded in the metropoliss. Arabic is the authority etymological correspondence albeit English is spoken generally with some Italian. The Muslims have a place with the Sunni strict request of Islam. Christianity is minority confidence. At the point when Imperialism cleared over Africa for the last five or six centuries. It exposed the local individuals to ‘inferior position ‘ or second class citizenship. Africans exhausted of the harsh conditions the position welcomed on to them in the blink of an eye started to incite. Thumps with Europeans got visit, to such an extent the Imperialist states assembled at the Berlin Conference in 1913 where the Western states chose to cut out specific pieces of Africa among themselves as ‘guardians ‘ . These supreme states, especially the Portuguese, Britain, France, Germany and Italy were on the highest priority on the rundown. One of the unintended impacts of such a demonstration was to observe the outgrowth of discharge gatherings, enthusiasm and individuals indicting in the ‘freedom and discharge fights ‘ over the mainland. Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, a Dervish head sent a clarion call across Africa to challenge the British and end their rising impact. He was one of the early African pioneers, to name for trustworthiness and independency. Cleared by the impacts of decolonisation and discharge fights across Africa, Somalia offered unfit help to the African National Congress of South Africa. Somalia in the meantime other than had solid binds with Muslim states and with their Muslim foundations. Hassan, besides as a Dervish chief, with his long involvement in the British and Italian plans of fighting, sorted out and restrained his Somali ground powers, both in their capacity in land clashes and armada withdraws using the landscape, with the outcome he crushed a very much prepared British ground powers. In 1920 by and by, with the presentation of planes into the battlegrounds, the British had the option to show signs of improvement of the Somali ground powers in the long run. There after Somalia turned into a related condition of the British Empire. The Italians fared no better than the British first and foremost only in light of the fact that the Somalis non only had the upside of the landscape, yet the ‘brotherhood ‘ inside the Somalis and their promise to the Sultanate, gave their warriors additional promptings during war against their foe. They, in any case could non, in ulterior mature ages, coordinate the ground forcess of the Italians under the Fascist control in 1927. Benito Mussolini, the Italian Fascist pioneer in 1935 assaulted Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) in the convention of and go oning the endowment of government and colonization, however this clasp the League of Nations ( which along these lines turned into the United Nations ) censured the attack. Little was done thereupon to end the business. In around 1941 the British positioned in Kenya with the coaction certain kinfolks of the Sultanate, joined by East, West, and North African military faculties under the offer of the British assaulted the British held Somalia and Italian Ethiopia and vanquished them. England administered the two sections and was along these lines conceded related state position, however the United Nation moved the trust an area of Italian held Somalia, back to Italians. It was during the trusteeship time frame that the Somalis went into the auxiliary model of Western political and worldwide approach formulating. Be that as it may, in the method the Imperializing states were devouring the monetary abundance of Somalia. On occasion the British teamed up with Ethiopia in keeping the authority over Somalia, all of which did non escape the different nationalist movements which were rising in arranged pieces of the state. Djibouti ‘s ( Gallic Somaliland ) independency in 1958 indicated Somalia the exchanging geopolitics taking topographic point in the nation. Yet, the choice held in Djibouti by and by demonstrated that the individuals had chosen to align themselves to France rather than Somalia. Somalia itself picked up its independency in 1960, and shaped the post-pioneer territory. Shockingly for the state at this clasp the army bunches each needed a bit in the specialists? The chain of command and intensity of the provincial framework was presently moved to the new specialists. Instead of focus on the basic improvement of the express the specialists bureaucratism started to focus on close to home influence and riches. A considerable lot of the new specialists functionaries were browsed the South and the Northerners got a handle on left and territorial imbalances turned into the standard. 18 Parties partook in the main station pioneer national races in 1964 in the midst of accusal of corruptness and extortion. The Somali Youth League, a Somali National Congress, and the Somali Democratic Union, joined to arrange a solid square inside the specialists. What's more, precarious Somalia started to rise for the accompanying a few mature ages. Abdullah Osman Daar turned into its first president. Force fight proceeded, and in the long run in 1969 a military putsch introduced General Said Barre as President. Barre ‘s specialists presented a few new cultural plans especially in guidance, yet in any case parliamentary majority rule government appeared to suffer from inward disagreement. On October 15, 1969 President Abdirachii Ali Shermaarke was killed by a constabulary head. Toward the start, General Said Barres ‘s Supreme Revolutionary Council was invited by the large numbers of individuals. There was a conviction among the populace that Somalia would now hold a steady specialists. Barre advanced what he called ‘scientific communism ‘ as a political situate

Maya Angelou Essay Research Paper Example

Maya Angelou Essay Paper Maya Angelo Maya Angelo conceived Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928 and brought up in SST. Lolls Missouri and Stamps, Arkansas Is an Author, incredible Poet, student of history, musician, and considerably more. She was the principal dark lady chief in Hollywood and she additionally conveyed a sonnet at the initiation for president Bill Clinton at his solicitation approached The Pulse of The Morning. Maya Angelo likewise was a social liberties dissident who was lucky enough to have the option to work with DRP. Martin Luther King Jar. She is likewise known for the numerous books she has kept in touch with one of the best ever Is l know why the age fowl sings. (Www. Writers. Organization) In my dust Maya Angelo Is an overall incredible individual I think she has Inspired all of us in mama Poem 1 Is called Alone By Maya Angelo. The sonnet Alone is about it doesnt matter how much cash or anything you have you cannot accomplish something alone. Its additionally saying that everyone needs assistance with something that you cannot do everything without anyone else in the end you will require someone and their assistance. We will compose a custom article test on Maya Angelou Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Maya Angelou Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Maya Angelou Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The sonnet starts to move when in the primary verse toward the start of the sonnet Its truism how she was attempting to discover her OLL a home essentially saying she was separated from everyone else to the third refrain where It says that even moguls with cash despite everything need assistance with something they cannot do it without anyone else despite the fact that they have costly specialists to fix their hearts, etc. (Www. Artists. Organization) Maya Angelo calls sonnet 2 Still I Rise. The sonnet Still I Rise is principally about her adage that If you dont care for her she won't let that cut her down, and that the more you attempt to cut her down she will keep on rising. Shes additionally expressing that she doesnt care what they think about her she will keep on being her while taking a stab at the est. furthermore, discussing her disliking her doesnt trouble her she keeps on propping up at whatever shes doing not making a difference what you are attempting to do to damage or stop her or in any event, cut her down. The sonnet creatures to move beginning at the principal refrain toward the start of the sonnet expressing that you can record her in history with your unpleasant, bent lies yet at the same time she rise which implies you can would what you like to her shes not going to let It stop her to the second verse where It says Does my gassiness upset you? Which fundamentally she Is asking does the manner in which she holds herself ND how and what she bothers them. (WV. Artists. Organization) Critics state Maya Angelo utilizes such a large number of past encounters when she keeps in touch with her sonnets. Another pundit says that she to some degree reprimands different artists work which they state Is a structure an Inhumanity. They likewise state she talks about different essayists social conditions. An exceptionally Interesting pundit to me says that In her life account has a type of detainment in view of her determining what befell her in her youth different young ladies who read it might grow up into ladies with that awareness. Yet, there were additionally some acceptable pundits saying that she comes clean and that they like it likewise one additional says that they like the feeling of dark discourse rhythms. (Www. Appointments. Com/reactions/Maya_Angelo). I dont concur with the vast majority of the pundits and what they state about her I love Maya Angelo as an artist and her sonnets have Inspired me In numerous Deterrent manners. Me actually I dont tank any sonnet or anything can Inspire you fortunate or unfortunate except if you let it. I additionally concur with the pundit who says she utilizes dark discourse rhythms I totally love it.

Vying for Attention

Vying for Attention We all have the same 24 hours in a day. And yet, often, we neglect other peoples time. Its hard to realize that we are not the center of the universe. Our own time is precious to us, and yet were constantly vying for other peoples attention, acting as if their attention isnt just as precious as ours. When were attempting to grab someones attention, we should do our part: 1. Be succinct. Brevity is indeed the soul of wit. Or, perhaps, brevity is wit. Thus, we neednt wedge in unnecessary information or details. Its possible to use minimalism to converse with others. Dont leave out important informationâ€"dont be vagueâ€"find a balance. 2. Have a point. Why do you want this persons attention? To entertain her? To inform her? To ask her a question? Be as specific as you can. 3. Add value. This is the most important part. If you are not adding value, then youre just taking someones valuable time. Ask yourself: Does this add value? Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Beowulf is an Epic Hero Essay - 957 Words

A true hero does not fear death or, but instead risks all that he is for what he believes to be right, moral, and just. Beowulf is an epic and tells the story of a legendary hero, conquering all obstacles as if he was immortal. Up until the end of Beowulf’s life he was constantly looking to be the hero. However, his humanity is exposed by his death. Heroes all share the characteristic of their willingness to die in their effort to accomplish their heroic act, thus making the act in itself heroic. Throughout the epic, Beowulf in many ways exhibited all the qualities and characteristics needed to be a true hero. Beowulf was passed on from person to person. Beowulf possesses the superhuman abilities, and the amazing power to hold his†¦show more content†¦He always explains his death wishes before going into battle and requests to have any assets delivered to his people. â€Å"And if death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac...†. Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all of them but his last. He understands that fate will work its magic no matter what, and he could be killed at any point in his life. He faces that reality by showing no fear and preparing for a positive or a fatal outcome. Beowulf showed his honor as he traveled from his homeland to battle the vicious monster Grendel, who was terrorizing the Danes. Grendel â€Å"Raided and ravaged† the mead hall, showing no honor by killing intoxicated men in their sleep. Beowulf knows that there is a chance that he may die in his great battle against Grendel when he says, â€Å"If death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , yet he is still willing to attempt to defeat Grendel. A hero in the Anglo-Saxon time is always very confident, as well he should be. It would serve no purpose to face battle with doubt of ones ability to do so, and with fear of all that awaits him. Beowulf’s morality came also in the form of loyalty to people and his word. Promises by Beowulf were kept . Acceptance of death, and care for the welfare of his people were Beowulf’s greatest virtues. HisShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pagesaway following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong sense ofRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epic hero becauseRead MoreThe Epic Hero Of Beowulf866 Words   |  4 PagesAn epic hero is someone who is of great importance, they have supernatural abilities, have some form of connection with the Gods, and accomplish great deeds. In Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney, Beowulf is the epic hero in his tale and he is considered great by those who know of his life. There are two versions of his story which portrays him in a certain way. The video version does not do its best to portray him as an epic hero but instead show that he is a liar, a womanizer, and a coward. TheRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pages The character of Beowulf demonstrates several characteristics that make a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been considered a model human to the Anglo-SaxonsRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf is a character that exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-SaxonRead MoreBeowulf: an Epic Hero983 Words   |  4 PagesGauvain British Literature Beowulf Essay 9/22/04 Beowulf: An Epic Hero According to Abrams, the heroic poem is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in an elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Beowulf fits Abrams description of an epic, exhibiting all of the characteristics listed throughout the book, thus defining Beowulf as a hero and making the book an epic through its elevatedRead MoreBeowulf, the Epic Hero1431 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf, the Epic Hero There have been many grand stories about great warriors, and champions; those about epic heroes however, are the truly exceptional tales. One such tale, over a thousand years old, stands out from all the rest: Beowulf, the tale of a great warrior, on his quest to achieve eternal glory, defeating great opponents. Throughout the whole story, Beowulf demonstrates most –if not all- of the qualities that an archetypal hero possesses. He embodies the highest ideals of his cultureRead MoreBeowulf : The Epic Hero960 Words   |  4 PagesPotter, and Beowulf all have in common? They all demonstrate the qualities of epic heroes. Beowulf represents several characteristics of an epic hero and demonstrates the values of the Anglo-Saxons. He is the main character of his story, he has a main goal, he travels and fights with a group of people, and he accomplishes many valorous deeds; the values of the Anglo-Saxons are also shown through the actions of Beowulf, such as courage, loyalty, an d fame. For example, when Beowulf heard a cry

Epidemics Of The 19th Century - 2267 Words

Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the improved medical technologies that made the 20th and 21st-century epidemics rare and less lethal. It was in the 18th century that micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) were discovered, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disagreed with the spontaneous generation argument conclusively, crediting the germ theory and Robert Koch s discovery of micro-organisms as the cause of disease transmission. Therefore, throughout the majority of the 19th century, there was only the most basic, understanding of the causes, amelioration and treatment of epidemic disease. Creation of factories, which played a major role in mass production of goods, led to the rapid growth of towns. People, sensing the numerous job opportunities, flooded the towns from their different country sides. Towns quickly became overcrowded and did not have adequate social amenities to cater for their already large and growing population. Without important amenities such as proper drainage, clean living habitats due to the overcrowding and clean drinking water the 19th-century cities were sanctuaries for diseases such as typhoid, tuberculosis and cholera. It was during a cholera research outbreak in 1854 that London doctor John Snow produced his revolutionary work on disease transmission. The widespread use of vaccines begun in the late 19th century. After a cholera bacterium was isolated byShow MoreRelatedThe Ghost Map By Steven Johnson1304 Words   |  6 PagesJohnson is a very detailed account of Dr. John Snow’s remarkable discovery of how Cholera was spread in the 19th century. Johnson chronicles the everyday life of the average english man and woman, and in doing so, reveals the intricacies of changing the way a society thinks and responds to change. The Ghost Map reflects the correlation of the spread of Cholera and social status in 19th century England. It also shows prevailing scientific beliefs at the time and their effect on medicine, accounts DrRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1292 Words   |  6 Pagesbut has not traditionally included Native Hawaiians or certain Alaskan Natives, such as Aleut, Yup ik, or Inuit peoples. Indigenous American peoples from Canada are known as First Nations. Since the end of the 15th century, the migration of Europeans to the Americas has led to centuries of exchange and adjustment between Old and New World societies. Most Native American groups had historically lived as hunter-gatherer societies and preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, which hasRead MoreLondon, Being The Densest Settlement On The Planet With 2.5 Million People Into 30 Square Miles1586 Words   |  7 PagesLondon, being the densest settlement on the planet with 2.5 million people into 30 square miles, was emerging as the most populated urban metropolitan in the mid 19th century. Although, London started enjoying the fruits, it was not prepared to face the challenges of the urbanization. It was lacking the infrastructure necessary to support dense civilization like the garbage disposal, clean water supply, sewers, public health care etc. In the absence of an efficient sewage system, people were dumpingRead More History of Public Health Essay1061 Word s   |  5 Pagessmallpox epidemic. An individual without the disease could gain some measure of immunity against it by inhaling the dried crusts that formed around the lesions of infected individuals. Children were protected by inoculating a scratch on their forearms with the pus from a lesion. However, this practice of vaccination did not become prevalent until the 1820s, following the work of Edward Jenner to treat smallpox (Kumar, 2007). When the Black Plaque stuck Europe in the 14th century, many differentRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Meningitis Epidemic1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe first recorded Meningitis epidemic occurred in Geneva in 1805, and shortly afterward several other outbreaks in Europe and the United States were recorded as well. Then, thirty-five years later, the first outbreak in Africa was recorded. The African Meningitis outbreaks became much more common in the 20th century. News Medical stated that â€Å"The first major epidemic was reported in Nigeria and Ghana from 1905-1908.† In the earliest reports, large numbers of people died from this disease. The firstRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Sleeping Sickness1260 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease came in different waves throughout the 19th and 20th century and left many dead, particularly in the lakeshore areas. The written documents from the early 20th century on the sleeping sickness epidemics show that the advancing knowledge derived from medi cal research and experimentations led to the creation of strict public health policies, such as depopulation and restriction of travel, in the modern imperial world. During the early 20th century, there was some general knowledge about tropicalRead MoreSocial and Economic Effects of the Plague on Medieval Islam Societies1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bubonic Plague, known more commonly as the Black Death, was a fatal disease that ravaged Asia and Europe during the mid-14th century. Although the destruction the Plague brought upon Europe in terms of deaths was enormous, the Islamic world arguably suffered more due to the fact that plague epidemics continually returned to the Islamic world up until the 19th century. The recurrence of the disease caused Muslim populations to never recover from the losses suffered and a resulting demographic shiftRead More Tuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century England895 Words   |  4 PagesTuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century England Missing Works Cited Although more prevalent amongst the working class, tuberculosis and typhus fever were contracted by all populations in Victorian England. People of the upper and middle classes could afford treatment while the poor were often subjected to unsanitary, disease-ridden living conditions. Charity schools were common places of infection due to inedible food and a vulnerability to contagion, i.e., the necessityRead MorePhysical Therapy1408 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding: 1. The history/development/evolution of medical infrastructure in Puerto Rico 2. The polio epidemics in Puerto Rico 3. The polio epidemics in the United States Before embarking on topics that are more directly tied to health, I think it is important to give a brief history of Puerto Rican politics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. I’ve also made one notable excursion into late 19th century Puerto Rican medical history, as one of the major organizers of Puerto Rican independence wasRead MoreTuberculosis As A Disease Responsible For Millions Of Deaths1679 Words   |  7 PagesTuberculosis Tuberculosis, a disease responsible for millions of deaths and has been affecting people since Aristotle’s and Hippocrates’s eras to the present day (Frith, 2014a). Tuberculosis has surged in great epidemics and then receded, Mycobacterium tuberculosis may have killed more persons than any other microbial pathogen (Frith, 2014a). Tuberculosis is an infection by the â€Å"bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which invades the lungs† (Saladin, 2015) and other parts of the body. Tuberculosis

Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories Free Essays

string(31) " these areas are simultaneous\." The term â€Å"motivation†, which is defined using various terminologies, is often used to describe different types of behavior. Motivation is the â€Å"internal state or the condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; the desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior, or the influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior†. (Huitt, 2001) Motivation is specific to an individual’s make-up, their personal interests, wants and desires, or need to fulfill a goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several factors influence an employee’s level of motivation: pay, opportunity for advancement, growth and development, job security, honesty and integrity, working conditions, reward and recognition. Employee recognition is often praised at a â€Å"successful motivator†. To understand what factors influence motivation we need to understand the research and theories developed to define and explain motivation. Discussion Motivational theories dating back to the early 1950’s â€Å"provide a foundation to today’s motivational concepts†. Robbins, 2005) Abraham Maslow introduced the â€Å"hierarchy of needs† theory suggesting that needs are a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person feels the urge to satisfy. Maslow’s theory proposes that individuals are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs are present in a â€Å"hierarchical† order. Maslow’s theory was that an unsatisfied need influences an individual’s behaviour and once the need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator. The model of needs was developed using five levels of human needs: hysiological, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization. Physiological and safety levels were described as the lower levels of the model following the idea that these needs are satisfied externally. To satisfy the lower level needs of hunger, shelter, security is accomplished by things such as pay, medical benefits, or tenure. The â€Å"higher-order needs which are met internally include social, esteem, and self actualization. The concept is that an individual works through each level of the model one by one. Each level must be satisfied before moving on to the next level eventually attaining self-actualization. Self-actualization is the point in which one has reached their maximum potential. (Robbins, 171) Douglas McGregor had opposing theories â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y† to explain an individual’s behaviour in work and organizational life. McGregor theorized that â€Å"management involved more than simply giving orders and coercing obedience; it was a careful balancing of needs of the organization with the needs of individuals†. McGregor followed Maslow’s â€Å"hierarchy of needs† philosophy to describe human needs and to support the belief that an individual’s need is satisfied through work. Studying how managers interacted with employees, McGregor identified a set of beliefs managers used to assess employees. The assumptions identified in Theory X are based on the lower level needs (physiological, safety) on the hierarchy model. This portrayed a somewhat negative viewpoint using the assumption â€Å"that most people will avoid work because they don’t like it and must be persuaded to put forth significant effort. The individuals in this category are not interested in being â€Å"self-led†, do not care to take on responsibility as they are content following directions. † (Robbins, 2005) In opposition to this, Theory Y uses the upper level of the needs (social, esteem, self-actualization) hierarchy model stating that most individuals are â€Å"self-led† to accomplish goals in which they have set for themselves. In this positive view, McGregor identifies that employees regard work as a natural activity. This premise led to the belief that motivation occurs due to an individuals’ drive to satisfy their needs. McGregor identified those managers of Theory Y type employees believed that people inherently like to work. A result of this belief the manager pushes more responsibility on the employee in an attempt shape employee’s goals to align with the organization. Following the steps of Maslow and McGregor, Frederick Herzberg developed a motivational theory based on the â€Å"needs† concept. Trying to answer the question â€Å"what do people want from work†, he developed the â€Å"Two Factor† theory. Based upon his studies he believed that satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work arose from different factors, and was not simply opposing reactions. Hygiene needs are defined as company policy, work conditions, relationship with supervisor, and salary by Herzberg. He believed that people strive to achieve hygiene needs because without them they are unhappy, but once satisfied the effect will wear off. End result or meaning is that satisfaction is temporary. This factor indicates that people are not motivated by addressing these hygiene needs, fulfillment just appeases the individual. Herzberg’s second factor is identifying â€Å"motivators†, suggesting that individuals are motivated by enabling them to reach for and satisfy real motivating factors such as personal growth, development, recognition, responsibility and achievement which correspond to a high level of meaning and fulfillment. Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg were pioneers in motivational study. The amount of research on the topic did not end there. Contemporary researchers have continued collecting data and developing theories in the subject area of motivation. The concept of â€Å"what motivates an employee† continues to intrigue researches. Data collected today is not a direct dispute to past theory but a reflection on the change of the times, the change in work environment. Clayton Alderfer modified Maslow’s â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† introducing the ERG theory; consisting of three need categories: â€Å"existence†, relatedness, and â€Å"growth†. Alderfer’s theory suggested that movement between the need levels is quite simple, resulting in a regression when an individual does not meet a higher-order need. The ERG theory starts with â€Å"existence† identifying an individual’s need to satisfy hunger, thirst, and sex, correlating with Maslow’s lower level needs of physiological and safety. Alderfer classifies the need for successful relationships with others (family, friends, coworkers, etc) as â€Å"relatedness† aligning with Maslow’s theory of social need and esteem. Lastly, Alderfer categorized a person’s desire for personal growth and increasing competence as â€Å"growth†. (Robbins, 2005) The ERG theory although similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory differs in the philosophy that people can work towards fulfilling the different level of needs at the same time. Contrary to Maslow’s beliefs that an individual must obtain and satisfy a â€Å"need† before attempting to work on the next need level Alderfer theorized that these areas are simultaneous. You read "Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories" in category "Essay examples" In addition to believing that individuals worked on the different needs categories at the same time he also introduced the concept of â€Å"regression†. As an individual attempts to satisfy a high lever need frustration my occur resulting in regression to satisfying a lower level need. This idea proposes potential impacts in employee motivation. An employee can become frustrated if the opportunity for growth and development is not made available resulting in regression towards the â€Å"relatedness† need. This leads to â€Å"de-motivation† where as the employee loses focus on satisfying the â€Å"growth† need and begins to concentrate on building and maintaining relationships with others. David McClelland developed a motivational theory based on needs as well. McClelland proposed that individual needs are acquired over time and are shaped by the early experiences faced in life. McClelland identified three needs influence an individual’s motivation and effectiveness in an organization: achievement, power and affiliation. McClelland based his theory on the thought that everyone prioritizes needs differently. He also believed that needs were acquired based on an individual’s experiences in life. The need to succeed or excel (achievement) is associated with individuals who are driven to do things better. These individuals are motivated by personal responsibility in identifying solutions to problems, desire immediate feedback on their performance to determine if they are improving or not, and set challenging goals. The need for power is the desire to have impact, to be influential, and to control others†. (Robbins, 2005) Power can be categorized in one of two types; personal and institutional. Individuals driven to direct others when its unwanted is personal power, whereas those who want to organize the efforts of others to further the goals of the company is institutional power. Individuals who possess the need for institutional power are more effective leading employees than one who desires to control people. Individual who have a high need of power are likely to follow a path of continued promotion over time. Behaviors including enjoying being in charge, wanting to influence others, prefer competitive situations, and are more concerned with prestige and influence over others versus effective performance are associated with the need for power. And finally, McClelland identified the need for affiliation. People with the need for affiliation seek harmonious relationships, social approval, and need to feel accepted by other people. Individuals seeking to fulfill the affiliation need prefer to work in situations that provide social interaction; they enjoy being part of a group and tend to conform to the norm of the group. There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is when individuals are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, or they believe it is important. Many of the motivational theories discussed in the first portion of this paper are associated with intrinsic motivation. Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg, Alderfer, and McClelland based their theories of behavior on individuals’ desire to satisfy basic and advanced needs. These desires are based on the individual’s level of personal satisfaction and the theory focuses on the natural tendency toward growth and development. Additional studies have been conducted with theories based on â€Å"extrinsic† motivation. Extrinsic motivation is when an individual is compelled to perform based on external factors like money, recognition, rewards, ect. Cognitive theories such as â€Å"Goal-Setting†, â€Å"Reinforcement†, and Equity have received a similar amount of attention as needs-based theories. Cognitive theory is based on the idea that â€Å"high intrinsic motivation levels are strongly resistant to the detrimental impacts of extrinsic rewards. No matter how interesting or exciting a job is there is still an expectation for some type of extrinsic payment. For those positions or jobs that fall in between the highly satisfying intrinsically and low level less interesting work cognitive theory may be more appropriate. (Robbins, 2005) Edwin Locke believed that the objective of working towards a goal is a key foundation in employee motivation. Locke introduced the â€Å"Goal-Setting† theory using the concept that setting goals offers an employee structure. Goals establish was needs to be done, and from this the individual understands how much effort is required to complete the task. As the goal becomes more challenging the effort required increases. Understanding this basic concept supports the theory that goals are valuable to the company in the respect that challenging goals leads to increased employee performance. Locke further suggests that employee involvement in goal setting increases the commitment and drive to obtain the goal. Taking a slightly different approach, the â€Å"Reinforcement† theory looks at the relationship between behavior and the consequences that arise from specific behaviors. The theory implies that individual behavior can be modified using different techniques such as positive reinforcement, avoidance, extinction, or punishment. â€Å"Reinforcement theory ignores the state of the individual and concentrates solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action†. (Robbins, 2005) This theory is based on the idea that is the physical, environmental stimuli that individuals are exposed to affects one’s behavior, their motivation does not come from within (emotions, feelings, desires, etc. The idea is to respond or do not respond to certain types of behavior. An example of reinforcement is when a frustrated child is throwing a temper tantrum, one of two reinforcement approaches can be used: Avoidance; the parent ignores the behavior in an attempt to show the tantrum will not be acknowledged and the tantrum will end. Or, punishment such as placing the child in time will reinforce that the type of behavior is unacceptable and will no t be tolerated. The theory is that the negative consequence of being in time out will deter similar behavior. An individual’s perception can play a large role in their job performance. The Equity theory states that employees compare their job process, the tasks required and their performance with other employees and react accordingly. Based on the comparison the employee may feel as though others are treated better, (increased pay, better working conditions, more/less hours) and tend to act accordingly. Employees will also compare their output in relation to the company’s input (reward) to determine if the input is equal to their effort. When there is a negative perception, or it felt that there is an inequality an individual may decide to decrease the amount of effort they put forward, look for work elsewhere, reduce the quality of their work or attempt to persuade co-workers perceptions. On the other side of the theory when employees perceive that they are being treated equitably or fairly they are more apt to be happy or satisfied resulting in increased participation/productivity. Given a thorough review of the different theories that have been developed, studied and documented there is not a quick, easy, or one size fits all answer to what motivates employees. Most often the typical response to this question is â€Å"money†. But surprisingly enough when employees are surveyed money is not the number one answer. (Robbins, 2005) Kenneth Kovach Ph. D. , discusses employee survey results in â€Å"Employee Motivation: Addressing a Crucial Factor in Your Organization’s Performance†. Ranking high on the scale is â€Å"full appreciation of work done†. (Kovach, 1995) Kovach compared results from an employee survey conducted in 1946 and in 1995, employees ranked â€Å"full appreciation of work done† number 1 and number 2 respectively. Obviously the change in times and work environment played a part in the slight change over the years. Kovach’s point is that based upon employee surveys money is not a hot topic, what seem to be on the minds of employees is interesting work, appreciation of work and the feeling of being in on things or involved. One approach to satisfy these desires is the use of recognition. Recognition, what is it? Webster’s dictionary defines â€Å"recognition† as â€Å"to recognize†, â€Å"to know†, â€Å"to admit the value†. To use this in today’s organizations recognition is about â€Å"noticing and honoring† one’s performance. Hansen, Smith, Hansen, 2002) Employee recognition is the communication used to identify the positive performance or outcomes conducted for the organization. How do we correlate the use and effect of recognition with the different motivational theories? Hansen discusses Maslow’s concept of â€Å"expressive mode† theorizing that people are propelled by growth motivation rather than by deficiency motivation (lack of faith in human potential) Employees are not dependant on the extrinsic satisfaction, but rather dependant on their own personalities and hidden resources for their continued growth and development. Hansen, 2002) Simply put, individuals are motivated by acknowledgment of progress, growth and development, as well as performance. Similarly, Herzberg’s two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene and motivator motivation factors. Hygiene factors correlate to job dissatisfaction, while motivator factors align with job satisfaction. Herzberg believed that job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction were not opposite each other, meaning that the lack of one did not result in the other. â€Å"Job dissatisfaction do es not mean that there isn’t â€Å"any† job satisfaction. Hygiene factors (rewards) can be observed when an employee is asked to complete a project with a promise of position advancement, versus recognition for achievement as a motivator factor that is basic to the job. Ultimately, the use of rewards corresponds to the use of â€Å"hygiene factors† just as the use of recognition signifies the use of â€Å"motivator† factors. (Hansen, 2002) Using the mind set that â€Å"we want employees to perform well, and, given the right environment, and incentives, employees also want to perform well†. Bobic Davis, 2003) Reflecting on McGregor’s Theory Y, the managerial approach assumes first that people prefer to work and strive to perform, thus delegating responsibility to the employee allowing the worker to be creative, to have the opportunity to identify areas of concerns and find solutions. When this is accomplished with success, the manager recognizes the individual’s ability to perform. The result is employee recognition resulting in increased responsibility and accountability. McGregor supported Maslow’s theory that all humans had the potential to be creative, stating that â€Å"†¦ elf actualized creativity to be innovative†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bobic Davis) Management has the ability to â€Å"motivate† an individual’s pursuit of self esteem, and self actualization through recognizing their ability to assume responsibility. Recognition of creativity and innovation will encourage the commitment and initiative the employee brings to company. â€Å"By strengthening and enhancing behaviors that are a source of differentiation and uniqueness, recognition serves a strategic function. (Hansen, 2002) Motivational theories differ in the way the concept of motivation is defined and controlled. Each theory has it basis, whether it is a â€Å"needs† based concept, or a â€Å"behavioral† concept. Just as humans are genuinely different, so are the theories. We can make general assumptions in regards to human character, trait, desires, and reactions but in the end what is definite is situational. There are many factors such as cultural background, environment, economics, and a person’s upbringing that potentially has an effect on what will motivate an individual. Reviewing the basic concept behind the theory of motivation and recognition you can identify some simple correlations. The reinforcement theory is not just about administering negative consequences. There are several different types of â€Å"behavioral† based programs available to address different concepts. For example a behavioral based safety program is built on the concept of recognizing safe behavior. Instead of focusing on the negative actions or unsafe attitudes of employees the program is established to recognize and reward safe behavior and encourage employee participation in identifying and correcting unsafe conditions. In the same manner, the reinforcement theory can enhance employee motivation towards work performance if a positive approach is used. Pointing out the negative performance ratings or avoiding a problem employee results in de-motivating the employee. Similarly, avoiding a problem employee gives the perception that the manager or company doesn’t care and fosters thinking of â€Å"why should I†? The last concept or theory to consider is the Equity theory. The basis for this theory is that employees expect a fair return for what they contribute to their job. This â€Å"fair return† is often evaluated based on what the return is for their effort. These individuals compare the input (reward/pay) by the company to the output (their effort) to determine if the reward warrants the effort put forth. Using the same concept employs also compare their input/outputs with their coworker to determine equality. If they feel that their coworker was given more for the same amount of work or less the employee will perceive this as unjust practices. Conclusion Motivation is â€Å"the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort in attaining a goal†. Robbins, pg. 170) Identifying what drives and contributes to employee motivation has been a topic for numerous researches, psychologists, and organizations alike over the last fifty to sixty years. During these years many motivational theories were developed to explain what motivates individuals. Theories based on â€Å"needs† principal were developed by researchers/psychologist such as Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor. â€Å"Maslow professed that the specific needs of people that must be met in order for them to be motivated, thus improving productivity†. Herra, 2002) Additionally motivational theories were developed based on the concept of equity or reinforcement. The â€Å"Equity† theory represent the idea that equity is a perception of justice/equality based on what the employee puts out and receives in return. A comparison is made in regards as to performance/effort and what reward/recognition is received to determine if equality exist. Tasked with understanding what motivates employees organizations have spent a great amount of time, energy and resources identifying how to keep employees motivated under various, ever changing conditions. When asked what is of key importance employees respond with â€Å"recognition† (Robbins, 2005) Recognition of an employee’s accomplishments, performance and/or dedication to the organization results in increased productivity, continued support of the company’s goals, and positive employee attitude. Based on the motivational theories established, recognition, while not the only source of motivation seems to an easy, simplistic solution to improve employee motivation. Employee recognition serves two distinct purposes: enhance employee motivation as well as bond together other motivators presently used for business organizations. An employee’s wage is payment for doing a job, benefits are designed to preserve an employee’s well being, and rewards are used to compensate for completion of a specific task or organizational goal. Recognition pulls the three aspects together as a means for organizations to develop and maintain a strong employee workforce. How to cite Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories, Essay examples

Nalysis Of Composed Upon Westminster Bridge Essays - British Poetry

Nalysis Of Composed Upon Westminster Bridge NALYSIS OF COMPOSED UPON WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1802 In Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802, by William Wordsworth, the speaker, again, his sister, reflects upon a beautiful view of the city by using such literary devices as rhyme, personification, hyperbole, and imagery. The speaker manages to create a vision in the reader's mind that is so vivid, that one can picture oneself on that very bridge. This poem is another example of Wordsworth's desire to create poetry using nature as inspiration. Earth is personified in the first line as a being that has possessions that he can show off, for example, its cities. The city is then personified in line four, as a person wearing a fine robe. The sixth line contains the breathtaking imagery of a primitive skyline in a clear, morning sky. The imagery in line eight, All bright and glittering in the smokeless air, calls to mind the image of endless clearness, endless purity. All throughout the poem, Wordsworth uses his trademark references to nature, painting the awesome picture in the reader's mind. The river is personified in line twelve: The river glideth at his own sweet will, showing a relatedness in the view of the city. the houses are asleep in line thirteen, a definite personification. The mighty Heart is lying still in the last line is hyperbole;e as well as personification: it serves to show that in the tranquility of the city, there cannot be a worry stirring in the heart, only peace. The speaker, again, is Wordsworth's sister. She also experienced this vision with him, and wrote about it in her journal. She wrote: It was a beautiful; morning. The city, St. Paul's, with the river and a multitude of little boats, made a most beautiful sight as we crossed Westminster Bridge. The houses were not overhung by their cloud of smoke, and they were spread out endlessly, yet the sun shone so brightly, with such a fierce light, that there was even something like the purity of one of nature's own grand spectacles (Parker 3). This journal entry does not resemble its corresponding poem as much as the one for I Walked Lonely as a Cloud, but there is still a lot of his sister's influence on his work. Again, their close relationship helped him to capture her feelings in his poetry. The poem depicts a vivid scene that is yet another fond memory shared between Wordsworth and his sister. He uses beautiful language and clever literary devices, especially imagery, to make the city come alive before the reader's eyes. The passionate picture that the poem paints is a memory that calms and placates. _________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com. Share information about yourself, create your own public profile at http://profiles.msn.com. Poetry

William Faulkner Essays - William Faulkner, Sartoris, Free Essays

William Faulkner Essays - William Faulkner, Sartoris, Free Essays William Faulkner William Faulkner: His Life and Achievements William Faulkner is viewed by many as Americas greatest writer of prose fiction. He was born in New Albany, Mississippi where he lived a life filled with good times and bad times. However, despite bad times he would become known as a poet, a short story writer, and finally one of the greatest contemporary novelist of his time. William Faulkners accomplishments resulted not only from his love and devotion of writing, but also from family, friends, and certain uncontrollable events. William Faulkners life is an astonishing accomplishment; however, it is crucial to explore his life prior to his fixated writing career. In 1905, Faulkner entered the first grade at a tender age of eight, and immediately showed signs of talent. He not only drew an explicitly detailed drawing of a locomotive, but he soon became an honour-roll student: His report card would show no grades below Perfect or Excellent (Blotner 21). Throughout his early education he wou ld work conscientiously at reading, spelling, writing, and arithmetic; however, he especially enjoyed drawing. His deportment at school was very high, but it was not as high as it was at home. When Faulkner got promoted to third grade, skipping the second grade, he was asked by his teacher what he wanted to be when he grew up, and he replied, I want to be a writer just like my great granddaddy (Blotner 23). At last, (in 1914) Faulkner took interest in poetry, but no one in Oxford could tell him what to do with his poems. Meanwhile, Faulkner, who is very talkative, would always entertain Katrina Carter and Estelle Oldham by telling them vividly imagined stories. Eventually, Faulkner grew very fond of Estelle in fact, if he heard her voice he would deliberately attempt to be spotted by Katrina in hopes that she asks him to join her. Estelle soon became the sole inspirer and recipient of Faulkners earlier poems. Coincidentally, a gentleman named Phil Stone would fall in love with Estel les friend, Katrina. As a result, Katrina had told Stone about Faulkner and his poetry. So one afternoon, Stone walked to Faulkners home to get acquainted, and during his visit he received several written verses from Faulkner poetry collections: Anybody could have seen that he (Faulkner) had talentit was perfectly obvious (Blotner 44). Stone not only became Faulkners close friend, but also a mentor to the young writer at the beginning of his career. Stone immediately gave the potential poet encouragement, advice, and models for his study of literature. For example, Stone would give practice drills in punctuation, as well as lecture Faulkner on goals and grammars. Meanwhile, Faulkners main interest in school became athletics such as football and baseball, thus his grades started to deteriorate: Bill showed absolutely no interest in the education being offeredHe gazed out the windows, and answered the simplest questions with I dont know (Blotner 39). Eventually, he would quit both ath letics and school altogether. In 1919, his first literary work was acknowledged and published in The New Republic. The poem is a forty-line verse with a French title that acknowledges the influence of the French Symbolist, LApres-Midi dun Faune. In September, Faulkner would enroll in the University of Mississippi, and during his academic years it did not deter him from writing more poems. The Mississippian, the student paper, published Landing in Luck by Faulkner- the story is a nine-page short story created from his direct experience in the Royal Air Force flight training in 1916. He has also written several other poems such as Cathay, which is published in the Oxford Eagle and Sapphic, which is published in The Mississippian. During the summer, Faulkner became a house painter in Oxford, and in the beginning of autumn he enrolled in the University of Mississippi; however, his early pattern of school started to take toll. Faulkner began to cut classes and finally just stopped going. Although, this time he participated in a drama club called The Marionettes, and began to publish book reviews in The Mississippian. In the summer of 1921, Faulkner decided to take a trip to New York to receive some professional instructions from editors and critics, since Stone was

Wyomia Tyus, Olympic Gold Medalist

Wyomia Tyus, Olympic Gold Medalist About Wyomia Tyus: Known for: consecutive Olympic gold medals, 1964 and 1968, womens 100-meter dash Dates: August 29, 1945 - Occupation: athlete More About Wyomia Tyus: Wyomia Tyus, with three brothers, became active in sports early. She was educated in Georgia in segregated schools, and played basketball and later began to run. In high school she competing in the Girls National Championships of the Amateur Athletics Union, placing first in the 50-yard, 75-yard, and the 100-yard races. After winning the 1964 Olympic gold medal in the 100-meter dash, Wyomia Tyus traveled to African countries as a goodwill ambassador, running training clinics and helping athletes learn to compete in world competions. Wyomia Tyus planned to compete again in 1968 and was caught up in the controversy over whether black American athletes should compete or should refuse to compete in protest of American racism. She chose to compete. She did not give the black power salute when she was honored for winning gold medals for the 100-meter dash and as anchor of the team for the 400-meter relay, but she wore black shorts and dedicated her medal to the two athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who had given the black power salute when they won their medals. Wyomia Tyus was the first athlete to win gold medals for a sprint in consecutive Olympics. In 1973, Wyomia Tyus turned professional, running for the International Track Association. She later taught physical education and coached. She continued to be active in Olympics-related organizations and to support womens sports. In 1974, Wyomia Tyus joined Billie Jean King and other women athletes in founding the Womens Sports Foundation, which aims to enhance opportunities for girls in sports. Background, Family: Born in Griffin, GeorgiaFather: Willie Tyus, dairy workerMother: Marie, laundressonly girl and youngest of four children Education: high school in Georgiacollege at Tennessee State University; recreation major Marriage, Children: husband: Art Simburg (divorced)husband: Duane Tillmanchildren: Simone (daughter) and Tyus Tillman (son) Selected Wyomia Tyus Quotations Starting all over, its kind of difficult saying where you want to go. You go step by step, waiting and waiting, and, I guess, being a sprinter, its hard to wait. I never think about anybody. I let them think about me. I wasnt paid a dime for my track career. But participating in the Olympics gave me the opportunity to learn about different cultures; it made me a better person. I wouldnt trade the time I competed for anything. After the Olympics I did not even run across the street. You can be the best in the world and not be recognized.... A lot of it has to do with breaks. If a coach at Tennessee State hadnt given me a break at 14, I never would have been in the Olympic Games.

7. The prospect of Turkish membership in the EU has led to the Essay

7. The prospect of Turkish membership in the EU has led to the emergence of increasingly stringent conditions for membership. Discuss - Essay Example Expansion has largely been carried out in the countries of the former Soviet Union and this organization continues to come under pressure to expand eastward. Accordingly Turkey, a predominately Muslim country straddling the border between Europe and Asia, is seeking membership into one of the most exclusive multilateral clubs in the world. Undertaking an analysis the candidacy of Turkey for membership in the EU, the following will discuss the major obstacles to the inclusion of Turkey within this exclusive multilateral club. This essay will begin with a concise overview of the European Union and will address the evolution of the EU following the collapse of state-led communism in Eastern Europe. This led to an increased desire for the EU to expand and the ramifications of this incredible and for some, unimaginable, fact will be analyzed with respect to the EU. We then turn to an analysis of enlargement, the ever-increasing demand for growth, the trajectory in which the EU has grown and finally, the reasons why Turkey is not a suitable candidate for membership in the European Union. We will explore the domestic and historical factors which make Turkey a poor candidate for EU membership and will conclude with a broad overview of our overall analysis (Warleigh 13; Fierke & Wiener 1-24). The European Union (EU) is a supranational body composed of constituent member states, found largely on the European peninsula. Democracy, negotiation, and collective decision-making through multilateralism are all inherent attributes of the modern EU. Today, membership in the European Union is actively sought by nearly all countries on the European peninsula as well as by one country straddling both Europe and Middle Asia (Turkey). Although there were initially only five members of the precursor to the European Union (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany), there are presently 27 countries in the EU and they

Rwandan and Guatemalan Genocide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rwandan and Guatemalan Genocide - Term Paper Example As the definition of political self and political others has different connotation in different ages. (Mamdani, 2002). Mamdani is of the view that genocide has to be understood 'within the logic of colonialism.' Since the colonialism generated two types of impulses of genocide: the genocide of natives by the colonialists [settlers] and second was the impulse of natives to do away with the settlers. But the violence of natives was not taken as genocide for it all was justified by the application of self defense. As for Fanon the violence of the natives intended to end the violence of the usurpers [the colonialists] and such violence germinated the seed of a new humanism. Rwanda is the smallest country in Central Africa; comprising of population of 7 million people. There exist two main ethnic groups in the country; the Hutu (80-90%) and Tutsis (10-15%). During the colonial occupation of Belgium the Tutsis were the ruling elite dominating the Hutu peasantry. After the independence of Rwanda in 1962 the Hutu majority took over the power. The new ruling elite started oppressing the Tutsis forcing them to flee and consequently, 200,000 Tutsis fled to the neighboring countries. The Tutsis in retaliation formed the Rwanda Patriotic Front which succeeded in forcing the Hutu president in 1990to concede to the power sharing agreement. (seehttp://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/rwanda.htm) The ethnic tension in Rwanda was heightened in 1993 after the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first elect Hutu president of neighboring Burundi. 25000 peace keeping troops of the United Nations were dispatched to take care of the 'fragile cease fire' between the Tutsis rebels and the Hutu government. As the Hutu were reluctant to share power with.Tutsis and wanted annihilation of the rival tribe. In April 1994, Rwanda president Habyalimana and the new president of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira had a several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6 when the two presidents were coming from Tanzania were killed on the Kigali airport by gunning down their plan. This incident fanned the political violence in Rwanda as the Hutu started killing their opponents even the moderates Hutus were not spared. The Study of the Genocide in Rwanda: Mamdani(2002) has the view that genocide has to be understood "within the logic of colonialism". A few lines published In the article The Genocide in 20th Century , on the site The History Place may help us to focus our study on the above

Historical background of Marks and Spencer

Historical background of Marks and Spencer Marks Spencer Plc started in a stall in 1884 by Michael Marks in a Leeds market after which he was joined by a partner Tom Spencer. They both had a reputation of selling only British made goods in the 20th century, a policy discontinued in 2002.Marks Spencer Plc is seen as the British Retailer that sells clothes, gifts, home furnishing and food formerly under the name of St. Michael but rebranded as Marks Spencer in United Kingdom, Europe, Far East and the Americas. Marks Spencer Plc has made itself widely known in the UK with over 450 stores and its largest store at Marble Arch, London. By 1975 they had moved to Europe and Canada where they are fully established. Marks Spencer Plc which initially functioned under the name St Michaels had an unlimited time period on their return policy as long as the customer could produce a receipt, this policy was later reviewed to 90 days in 2005 and a further review to 35 days in 2009. Marks Spencer Plc returns policy is seen as the most generous on the British High Street. By the end of the 1990s Marks Spencer Plc had a problem as their profit plunged because of the rising cost of using British Suppliers as rival retailers were importing their goods from lower cost countries and also because of the fact that Marks Spencer Plc did not accept other credit cards except their store cash cards amongst a host of other reasons. During their downturn period, Marks Spencer Plc refused to budge in switching to overseas low cost suppliers as it was seen as a n act which undermined a core part of its appeal to the public. All these fac tors constituted to Marks Spencer Plc sudden slump which caught the company, its shareholders, retail stores and the general public by surprise as not only did their share price fall more than two thirds of the original market price so also did their profit. In 2001 with drastic changes in its business focus such as accepting other credit cards, introduction of new range like per una , indigo etc, reengineering of its business model and strategy, restructuring and redesigning their store, providing adequate changing room etc, Marks Spencer Plc fought its way back into the UK market. Source: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/ourhistory TASK 1 1.1 Importance of external factors [P1] External factor plays a very important role in Marks Spencer Plc. No organisation can escape from the external factors of a business. It is the key that drives helps focus on what is most important to explore the different ways in which the business environment might change. These external factors are Political, Economic, Social Culture, Technological, Environment and Legal. This is known as the PESTLE ANALYSIS. The external factor helps to know and under study the political factor the company is operating in. The external factor helps to know the social life style of my customer. The external factor helps to know the technological situation I find myself inn. The external factor helps the organisation to understand the business environment It also helps the business to understand the business circle, exchange rate, economic growth rate etc. It also helps the business to know more about the legal standard of the economy such as health and safety, legislative constraints etc. It helps the business to understand and know their competitors The external factor also helps the business to understand the social influences such as changing culture and demographics Business that looks on the solution of the external factors will run its business properly. Oxbridge writers on Marks and Spencer corporate objectives: Full text [online] http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/marketing/marks-spencers-corporate-objectives.php [END OF P1] 1.2 The needs and expectation of stakeholders [P2] A stakeholder is any person, group or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. (Bryson 1995) The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Stakeholders Needs of stakeholder Expectations Customers To provide good customer services To provide low price To provide good product To provide local source of product Provide community program Customer loyalty Promotion and activities Employee To provide pay raise Job retention Job training To provide a comfortable working environment Give bonus Provide education Rotation of job Shareholders Provide adequate communication Increase in share prices Increase in dividends To keep them informed Good turn over Good return on investment Banks Inflow of cash Loan lending Suppliers Increase in supplies Local sourcing of product Turnover increase Want to sell goods in volume at good prices. Source: By student from lecturer lecture note Managers need to be conscious of the financial impact on various stakeholders of the strategies they are pursing or planning to pursue. They also need to understand how the capability to meet these varied expectations could enable the success of some strategies whilst limiting the ability of an organisation to succeed with other strategies. [END OF P2] 1.3 Major change taking place in the external environment [P3] Political situation: The government plays a very important role within the operation of manufacturing these productions in terms of regulation. There are potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The changes in laws and regulation, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements,(including tax rate, new tax laws and revised tax interpretations) and environment laws in domestic or foreign regulations e.tc. This law has affected Marks and Spencer in different ways especially in the increase in Vat. This will increase the prise of their product and reduce the market sell of their product. Economic situation: The economic plays another important role in the business. However, things changed. Most economists loosely define a recession as two consecutive quarters of contraction, or negative GDP growth. Marks and Spencer s customer don t spend allot anymore instead there save their money. The ongoing recession has brought down their market sale and put them in a stage of looking for a better strategy to fight the recession. Social situation: Many people are practicing new lifestyles in the economy. The social culture of an environment can affect Marks and Spencer in a different ways. The government are cutting down medical budget. In this case, they are trying to educate allot of people to do exercise and those from the age of 37 to 55 will also increasingly concern with nutrition. Majority of the people are now looking after their health and doing much exercise to slim their body down. So this has affected Marks and Spencer because they will need to get better and fitted cloths for their customer to make sure there meets up their customer expectation. Technological situation: This can also affect the business especially now most organisation are introducing the online services, home delivery, virtual sales etc. This will reduce Marks and Spencer sales because it will depend on how fast the organisation will deliver a customer goods that will encourage the customer to be more attracted to them .And even where they have alot aged; most of the worker won t be able to operate this new technology. They will have to go through training process and this will cost the company to spend more. Most of this technology can be misused and might cause problem in the company. Environment situation: Studying the environment is another important way to prevent some environmental problems like, weather, transport problems, competitive problems, customer choices, customer queries etc. Marks and Spencer always make sure they are in the right position to provide for the customer the best services ever. Changes in weather affect seasonal products of Marks and Spencer so they always try to find the best strategies to make sure their goods are been sold out at a particular season. Legal situation: This can also affect Marks and Spencer in term of adjustment of the legislation. But the company try to make those changes in a way that their customer will be retain and their services will be increase. Sources: Morrison, M (2008) Pestle Analysis. CIPD Factsheet.RapidBi Marks and Spencer (2010) investor s Full text [online] http://www.marksandspencer.com/ [END OF P3] TASK 2 2.1 The current position of Marks and Spence [P5] INTERNAL EXTERNAL Product: The company offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing and home product, as well as outstanding quality foods. Political: This is an important factor that drives the strategic of many organizations to change. The change of constitution of politics affects the strategic of an organization. The changes of government affect the strategic of organization to change. The shift of political power from government to global organization affect the organization affects the organization strategy. Many organizations always try to change their strategy to fit the political view of the economic. Staff: The company provide good staffs that help improved the customer services. They also retain their staffs and provide them with training that will increase their services toward their customer. Economic: This concerns the financial structure, objectives and constrains place upon the organisation. This relates to both the external(that is, the levels of profit and turnover generated and the extent to which this is viable and able to sustain current and envisaged levels of activity) Market: MS have a high interest in the market. They always try to provide the best customer service and provide the best quality product that will enable them to gain competitive advantage. Social culture: This is another important factor that the organizations need to look into properly. The way the people lives, expectations, pattern of work, job, occupation and career patterns, changes in patterns of earnings etc. The social lives of most economy changes every year and organizations need to set up new strategic that will suite the social life of the economy. Promotion: Marks and Spencer introduce a promotion to keep their customer happy and to gain more customers. Technology: This factor affects the social, economic and business activities. Rendering many occupations and sectors obsolete; creating new occupation and sectors, opening up new spheres and location of activity. Organization should make sure there have the right technology to improve the organization works. Price: MS provide the best price to their product to gain competitive advantage. Environment: this is looking at what is happening within the environments where MS operate. Place: MS is located in a nice place where their customer can get a good car parking and quicker way to shop. Legal: this is looking on the changes in the legislation and how it s affecting MS. that is, the employment, access to material, quotas, resources, import/exports axations.etc. People: MS also provide the best people that will serve the best customer service to keep their customer happy. A good customer approach is very important in any business environment. Marks and Spencer (2010). Full text [online] http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/student_info [END OF P5] 2.2 The strength and weakness of MARKS and SPENCER [P6] STRENGHT ? Strong balance sheet ? Increase in turnover and trading profit ? Strong cash flow position ? Good human resources ? Brand awareness ? Leading premium quality food retailer OPPORTUNITIES ? Capability to turn resources into advantages ? Market shift to globalisation ? New product ? Customer demands changes to more value for money ? Diversification ? Develop overseas supply chain WEAKNESS ? Perception on high price ? Customer disinterest ? Environment issues(pollution) THREAT ? New and existing competitors ? Economic recession ? New legislation volatility of raw material ? Takeover bids ? Market shift to globalisation ? Low cost retailers Source: Marks and Spencer http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/home [END OF P6] 2.3 Tools used to analyse the effects of the current business plan [P4] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Market Penetration Product Development Market Development Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy when a business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. And these penetrations seek to achieve increasing the market share of current product, i.e. by combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resource dedicated to personal selling. This has help Marks and Spencer to secure dominance of growth markets. It restructures Marks and Spencer market by driving out competitors and it also increase patronage of their existing customer. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. Marks and Spencer has develop their market in so many different ways by providing a new distribution channel, new product dimensions or packaging, new geographical markets (for example exporting the product to new country), different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments. Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. Marks and Spencer brought up a strategy that may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification: Marks and Spencer has diversified alot to introduce new products into new markets. Even as there are more risks in it but they still get the right strategy to win their competitor who was there before them THE FIVE FORCES MODELS Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run profitability of MS and the food retailing industry Threat of new entrants: The new entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry and the market is also sensitive to reputation. The key barriers to entry include; the economics of scale, capital investment requirement, customer switching cost, access to industry distribution channels. In Marks and Spencer business line, the threat of new entrants is easy and high but the most important issues is to win your competitors and maintain the business. Threat of substitutes: substitute product can lower industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit the price level. The threat of substitute product depends on buyers willingness to substitute, the relative price and performance, the cost of switching to substitute. In Marks and Spencer the threat of substitute s product is low because majority of the customer who have been with them for a very long time enjoy their products and are still enjoying it. Bargaining power of suppliers: suppliers are very important in a business. They supply the company with raw material and other product. The cost of the item bought from supplier can have a significant impact on the organisation profitability. If the supplier has high bargaining power over the organisation, then the theory industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of supplier will be high when there are many buyers and few dominant suppliers, also when there are high valued product, when the supplier threaten to integrate forward into the industry (example brand manufacturing to set up their own retailer outlet), when the buyer does not threaten to integrate backward into supply Bargaining power of buyers: These are people who create demand in the organisation. The bargaining power of buyer is greater when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers, when the product are standardised, when the industry is not a key supplying group for buyer. In Marks and Spencer, the bargaining powers of buyers are not great Intensity of Rivalry: This will depend on the structure of the industry cost, the structure of competition, degree of differentiation, switching cost, strategic object, exist barriers. There are alot of competitor surrounding marks and Spencer but their customer still remain with them because of their old time being. All works above sources: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review, p86-104. [END OF P4] Task 3 3.1 The modelling tools to develop strategic option are [P7-8] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix POTER GENERIC MATRIX Micheal porter suggested four generic business strategies that could be adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. Differentiation Focus Differentiation Cost focus Cost leadership Narrow Broad Scope of business activities Strategy Differentiation: This strategy involves selecting one or more criteria used by buyer in a market-and then positioning the business uniquely to meet those criteria. This strategy is usually associated with charging a premium price for the product- often to reflect the higher production costs and extra value-added features provided for the consumer. Differentiation is about charging a premium price that more than covers the additional production cost, and giving customer clear reasons to prefer the product over other, less differentiated products. The Price of Marks and Spencer products are cheap compare to Tesco and Asda that have very cheap prices on the product. But yet Marks and Spencer customer still remains because to the quality of their products. Strategy-cost leadership: with this strategy, the objective is to become the lowest-cost producer in the industry. Many (perhaps all) market segments in the industry are supplied with the emphasis placed minimising costs. If the achieved selling price can at least equal (or near) the average for the market, then the lowest-cost producer will (in theory) enjoy the best profits. This strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses offering standard product with relatively little differentiation that is perfectly acceptable to the majority of customer. MS by cheap product/ clothing line and sell in a cheap price to meet competitors. Strategy- differentiation focus: in the differentiation focus, a business aims to differentiate with just one or a small number of target market segments. The special customer needs of the segment mean that there are opportunities to provide products that are clearly different form competitors who may be targeting a broader group of customer. The important issue for any business adopting this strategy to ensure that customer really do have different needs and wants. Marks and Spencer also deal on the older market (45-65 of age) which makes them different from other retailer shops like Tesco and Asda. They also used their brad to meet the needs of the olds. Strategy-cost focus: Here a business seeks a lower-cost advantage in just on a small number of market segments. The product will be basic- perhaps a similar product to the higher-priced and featured market leader, but acceptable to sufficient consumer. Such products are often called me too The Micheal Porter generic strategies are been used in many organisations including Marks and Spencer, either become the lowest cost retailer or different product and services in such a way that its valued by customer to the extent that they will pay a premium price. By Appling this strength in either a broad or narrow scope, the four generic strategies result: differentiation focus, differentiation, cost focus, cost leadership. Mark and Spencer core products are foods and clothing and it implement a focus generic strategy as it concentrate differentiation from Tesco, Asda, BHS, Top shop etc. Source: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review MARKETING MIX The marketing mix is very important in an organisation. This is the elements that are associated with the product(s) that affect whether the consumer decide to buy or not. They are four main factors that will decide if a consumer wants to buy or not. Prices: Marks and Spencer charges premium prices through its differentiation strategy. Product: Marks and Spencer markets its product based on superior quality and reliability. Place: Mark and Spencer products are sold through its large numbers of stores in city and town centres. MS has also expanded in sales and distribution channels through internet via it website (online shopping) Promotion: MS integrated marketing communication is delivered through media in various form, advertising, TV, national newspaper and magazines as well as website [END OF P7-8] 3.2 Option to form the basis of future organisation strategy [P9] Having analyse this models one which I believe would be able to help the company will be The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Marks and Spencer Market Penetration Marks and Spencer Product Development Marks and Spencer Market Development Marks and Spencer Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Under the market penetration, MS provide a good and quality service that has driven the organisation into a large market penetration. Marks and Spencer now introduce a product development by increasing the quality of their products and developing their product to enable them to develop their market. The market developments have also encouraged marks and Spence to employ the right staff with the right skills that will help reach the company objectives and achieve the organisation goals. Marks and Spencer diversification has also help the organisation in different ways. They started with cloths, and move to foods and drinks. The diversification has also enabled the organisation to stand up to their feet again and push forward to gain their goals. I will fully recommend the Ansoff matrix for marks and Spencer as they have been using it already in gaining in market penetration and development. [END OF P9] 3.3 Stakeholder mapping [P10] A stakeholder is any person or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. There are different ways in which stakeholder mapping can be used to gain an understanding of stakeholder influence. The approach to stakeholder mapping here identifies stakeholder expectations and powers and helps in understanding political rarities. The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Level of interest (A)Meet their needs Increase their effort Increase their level of interest (B)Key players Educate them on the company Engage and update the regularly Involve them in decision making (D)Least important Keep informed Try to communicate Let them know of any change (C)Participation Show consideration. Keep informed Participate in the company Try to increase the level of interest. Source: computed by student from lecture note Stakeholder mapping might help in understanding better some of the following issues: In determining purpose and strategy, which stakeholder expectations need to be most considered? Whether the actual levels of interest and power of stakeholders properly reflect the corporate governance framework within which the organization is operating. Who the key blockers and facilitators of a strategy are likely to be and how this could be responded to- for example, in term of education. Whether repositioning of certain stakeholder is desirable and/or feasible. This could be to lessen the influence of a key player or, in certain instances, to ensure that the key players who will champion the strategy. Source: Bryson,J.M (2004) Stakeholder Identification and Analysis techniques. Minnesota. Rouledge [END OF P10] TASK 4A 4.1 Criteria for reviewing a strategy are: [P11] ? Feasibility ? Suitability ? Acceptability ? Cost effectiveness ? Interest of other stakeholder ? Customer ? Competitors ? Nature of the product and services Customers: The customers of Marks and Spencer are very important to the organisation. MS customers find it hard to shop at another retail shop because of the old time relationship with the organisation. Customer satisfaction is very important to the organisation and MS always make sure that they provide the best customer services to their customer especially the aged. Interest of other stakeholder: the stakeholder is another important strategy MS love to use. The interest of their stake holders is how to develop and plan for the organisation growth. They love to stay close the stake holders, give them the right information there need to know and provides them with updated about the running of the organisation. Competitors: Marks and Spencer love to look at their competitor so as to get the strategy they are using and try to provide a better strategy to over shadow their competitor strategy. Competitors have been a big issue for Marks and Spencer and the always try to make their products as cheap like their competitor to attract more customer and to keep the own customer happy with no complains. Nature of the product and services: The nature of the product and services is always at a high level because they provide good quality products to their customer to show a differentiation between them and other competitors. They services they provide to the customer are very much enjoyable because they are always there to help u out and show u the best product u needs to have. The strategy plan for MARKS and SPENCER ARE [continuation of P11] PRESS RELEASE EXTRACT: 29 MARCH 2001 Source: From Marks and Spencer s Website 15/04/2002 PLAN 1, TOTAL FOCUS ON UK RETAIL 100% OWN BRAND: The company will return to selling only own brand products and brands exclusive to marks and Spencer so it can guarantee customers the quality, value and service they have come to expect. Central to the recovery plan is the delivery of significant improvement in product appeal, availability and value thereby rebuilding the relationship with core marks and Spencer customer. IMPROVED SEGMENTATION OF CLOTHING: Marks and Spencer will concentrate first on regaining the loyalty of core customer, who prefers classically stylish clothes. This is the priority. The company has plans to regain the confidence of its customer in the quality and fit of its clothing. It will sharpen price by rebalancing the price architecture, extending the range of entry-price merchandise and communicating this clearly to customers. BUILD ON SUCCESS IN FOOD: Marks and Spencer a food continues to perform well and has earned customers trust for providing quality, innovation and convenience. The business is a key platform for future growth and the company is considering opportunities to expand its reach through new locations and selling channels. DEVELOP HIGH-GROWTH AREAS OF HOME AND BEAUTY: the home business is growing strongly, with home furnishings and gifts the fastest growing product areas. Beauty, albeit relatively small, is also growing rapidly. Both of these areas offer promising opportunities for development and will be expected. ACCELERATE STORE RENEWAL PROGRAMME: Mark and Spencer will accelerate the rollout of the successful elements of its new concept format under a plan to refurbish more stores faster and at lower cost. Two thirds of its retail space (120 stores) will be completed by the end of the coming financial year, benefiting the majority of Marks and Spencer s customers. MORE INTENSIVE USE OF SPACE: Selling space will be reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per square foot. In total, 600,000 sq ft will be reallocated within the year to areas such as the new clothing range supplied by George Davies, Home, 50 new Beauty shops, and 30 new coffee shops. IMPROVE THE SUPPLY CHAIN: The Company continues to see substantial benefits from the reconfiguration of the supply base, being shown in a clothing primary margin that is rising strongly. The priorities now are to eliminate duplication and increase transparency. By re-establishing closer working relationships with its supply partners, historically and unique strength, marks and Spencer will achieve further improvements in quality, value, product appeal, and availability. Financial Services: Plans for the future include developing the Marks and Spencer store card as an essential partner to the growth of retail sales; a stronger presence for financial services in stores; continued growth of the credit business; and faster rates of growth of non-credit areas, which may involve bringing in external partners. PLAN 2 VALUE REALI