Long Term Effects Of Early Trauma On Children - 1521 Words

The Long Term Effects of Early Trauma on Children in Foster and Adoptive Settings Alyssa Lodhi Amberton University October 25th, 2014 Personal Journey When I was five years old, my mom told me that there were some children who didn’t have moms. I was shocked, and told my mother frankly that I’d be their mom. Caring for children with early trauma has been the driving passion of my life. When I was six and again when I was eight, my parents adopted children from Vietnam. Having siblings who were born and orphaned in another country put a very personal face for me on human rights and child welfare issues around the world. I’ve spent the last four years working for the International Foster Care program at Catholic Charities Fort†¦show more content†¦Purpose Because of this, my purpose in research will be to explore the long term effects on foster and adopted children, and whether secure attachment to a primary caregiver provides an environment that allows for emotional healing from traumatic events and their effects. Significance The study of the developmental implications of early trauma for children is essential for understanding appropriate expectations and interventions for children to help foster and adoptive families and child welfare workers maintain appropriate expectations for children who have been adopted and better equip them to meet their children’s unique needs. Considering that children who have experienced traumatic removal from a primary caregiver are likely to exhibit behaviors that lead to placement breakdowns and therefore more traumatic removals from caregivers, it is essential for positive long term outcomes that the initial placement and child’s existing connections be preserved (Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., Landsverk, J. A., 2000). Additionally, foster parents who hold appropriate expectations and understand causes and reasons for a child’s behavior is predictive of placement stability (Butler Charles, 1999). Operational Definitions for the Study Trauma: a deeply distressing or disturbing experience or physical injury Early trauma: Trauma that occurs between the ages of 0-6. Normal Development:Show MoreRelatedChildhood Trauma And The Personality Disorders Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Trauma affects more than twenty-five percent of children in America every year (NCMHP, 2012). This astounding statistic implies that multitudes of individuals are now dealing with the chronic results that these traumas induce, one reoccurring result being personality disorder. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severityRead MoreShaken Baby Syndrome737 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster, trauma is defined as a serious injury or wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent; a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional disturbances, usually for an extended period of time. There are many types of trauma that can affect a child’s development, specifically neural development. One pervasive form of trauma to children is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a simple descriptive for a disturbingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Early Childhood642 Words   |  3 PagesSomatic Expressions of Trauma in Experiential Play Therapy in International Journal of Play Therapy, Vol. 20, No. 3, 138 152. Researchers have found connections between animal and human responses to trauma that are important in understanding somatic (non-verbal) cues and conditioning. Some research has been done that shows parallels between animal behaviors and child behaviors in cases of abuse and neglect, although the literature remains scant. Children act out trauma in play therapy, resultingRead MoreThe Damages Caused by Canadian Residential Schools for Indigenous Children in the 19th Century1618 Words   |  7 Pageswere responsible for providing compulsory education to Indigenous children within governmentally constructed schools. They were charged with assimilating these children into mainstream culture and convert them into members of â€Å"civilized society†. The resulting actions on part of the Canadian government and acting missionaries have caused detrimental psychological and emotional trauma to survivors of these residential schools; trauma that has crossed intergenerational boundaries since the inductionRead MoreThe Lifelong Health Effects Of Childhood Trauma1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that I have decided to write about is childhood trauma. I wanted to research the lifelong health effects that are caused by childhood trauma. One thing that has always concerned me is the life of children growing up in war-zones or areas with extreme poverty and crime. I assume that there is a correlation between traumatic experiences and health. Many people would argue that the correlation behind it is that it is more likely that a person makes bad health decisions like drinking and doingRead MoreAmerican Psychological Association Defines Traumatic Event989 Words   |  4 Pagesthreatens injury, death or the physical integrity of self or others†(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Childhood trauma is the experience of traumatic event or events which creates a substantial and long term damage to the mental and physical growth and development of a child(Nationa l Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2013). National prevalence of childhood trauma indicates trauma is a frequent occurrence in which majority of Americas have witnessed or experienced a single or multiple traumaticRead MoreInfant Trauma1407 Words   |  6 Pages There are many types of trauma that people experience everyday in our world. People can do awful things to each other, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Accidents happen that leave us feeling distressed. Some threaten our sense of safety and connection. These are all experiences that take time to heal and recover from. We must find a way to reconcile the life we had before it happened and the life as we know it after a tragic event. The pain of the memories alone can be devastating. It takesRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 PagesLong-term effects of child sexual abuse Child Abuse can be a fundamental reason of causing issues for children and young people in physically and mentally. The primitive damage caused by child sexual abuse effect on the child’s developing capacities for trust, intimacy, agency and sexuality so that child sexual abuse is considered as a trigger of mental health problems and increase the risk of major depressive disorder in early adulthood or throughout their lifetime. There is a fact that thoseRead MoreEssay Child Abuse and Neglect946 Words   |  4 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect Abuse of children has become a major social problem and a main cause of many peoples suffering and personal problems. Neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse have an immediate and long-term effects on a childs development. The long-term effects of abuse and neglect of a child can be seen in psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse, and relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect is a huge problem. People that abuse are people who have beenRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Foster Care Youth Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most challenging problem facing foster care youth today (Mckay, Lynn Bannnon, 2005) . Children in care are more likely to have been exposed to multiple forms of traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, family and/or community violence, trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation, or sexual abuse, bullying, or loss of loved ones. Consequently, trauma experienced by children in foster care is often compl ex and left untreated permeant permanently effecting the overall

Coach Carter Free Essays

Abydos Passion Play is mainly considered to be the first play to ever be performed and depicted as a religious ritual or event. Zen Buddism is one for most common and well-known Japanese Dada. It is the kung fu monks. We will write a custom essay sample on Coach Carter or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to read a Play according to Aristotle you must have six parts in order to read a play. Character, plot, thought, music, diction and spectacle. Blindness as it is depicted in Oedipus Rex, signifies the ignorance a character possesses (Oedipus was blind to the clues of his birth). The Noh Play Production is an interesting Japanese production that contains only male actors, and revolves around Zen Buddism. The Noah play is very simplistic in terms of the design, usually with prayer and front-center stage. It also involves musical structure. Character * Physical * Socio-economical * Psychological * Moral/Ethical Noah and his sons is a play with major dramatic structure. It was written in the middle ages, depicting the Great Food. Noah is the main character of the play. In my opinion the major question in this play is, will Noah fulfill God’s orders on a consistent basis? He argued and fought with his wife at all times, they could never be on one accord, and have more good days then bad days in terms of their marriage. His physical appearance in this play was around his 50s and 60s in terms of age. He is introduced in the play to be considered as an old, still aging 600 and some years old. He has a wife and has children. The socio-economical of this play Noah and his sons is that they were believers in Christ but really never obeyed God especially Noah he was very stubborn and never listened to anyone. The Psychological perspective of this play is that Noah mentally disobeyed God in all of his ways in orders. He also threaten to beat his wife, then as they play goes on he and his wife agree stop fighting and become together as one. The moral/ethical perspective of this play is God. It’s simple to respect God and his orders. The flood only happened because the flood and the only way they were saved are because of the Arc. Personally if I was them I would always listen to God, because disobedience to God could lead to consequences. How to cite Coach Carter, Papers Coach Carter Free Essays Questions for Movie Coach Carter Spring 2011 1. In the first scene of the movie the team members were arguing and even fighting in the locker room. One member identified himself to the news media that he was the â€Å"star player†. We will write a custom essay sample on Coach Carter or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Coach Carter identified in the movie, they had only won 4 games. By the last scene of the movie, the team went to the championship games. What do you think made the difference in the team’s ability to become winners? 2. In a scene of the movie, Coach Carter made two of the best players leave for failing to follow his instructions, knowing that this would hurt the team’s possibility to win games. One player even pointed out that they were the highest scoring players. Coach Carter’s response was, â€Å"I guess we will have two more high scoring players. † What do you think was Coach Carter’s rationale behind his decision? 3. What was the significance of the contract Coach Carter had the team members sign? Why did the contract include the team members having to wear a tie on game day? Why did they have to maintain a 2. 3 grade point average to play? 4. What did Coach Carter mean when he told the team, â€Å"The losing stops now. Winning here means winning out there. † 5. At the beginning of the movie, Coach Carter asked the question, â€Å"What is your biggest fear? † this same question was asked by him several times throughout the movie. After the team was benched, a player stood up and gave his definition of fear (see below). Describe in your own words the significance of this summation and how it relates to living life. How does this relate to our studies of Juvenile Delinquency? 6. Upon review of the various theories we have studied over the past several classes, which delinquency theory (s) can you identify from scenes in this movie? Briefly describe those theories you observed. How to cite Coach Carter, Essay examples

Mental Health

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health. Answer: Introduction Nurses in mental health setting require skills and expertise in order to provide mental health care. However, nurses in mental health setting need to further develop in order to provide effective care. The fifth National Mental Health Plan is the collaborative government action. It focuses on seven priority areas for national action. This paper focuses particularly on the priority area- Physical health of people living with mental health issues. In the context of this priority area the paper critically discusses the how nursing practice has and needs to further develop in order to effectively reflect the values expressed. The rationale for selecting this priority area for the paper is the rich literature that showed poor physical heath in the people with the mental illness. Due to poor heath these people are twice as likely to die as the general population (Crawford et al., 2014). Discussion Nurses have good communication skills to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds. However, there is a need of eliminating the stigmatizing attitude among nurses. Even when patients with mental illness arrive with physical symptoms in emergency department, nurses overlook and judge the patient as psycho or schizophrenia (Shefer et al., 2014). In most cases the nurses would perform only one set of observation for mentally ill patients in ED. On the other hand those without mental illness were subjected to two-three sets of observations. The attitude of stigma and discrimination needs to be changes. There is a need of development programs for nurses to eliminate this attitude to address the physical health of the patients in addition to the emotional concerns. Nurses if continue to have this attitude will lead to diagnostic overshadowing and misdiagnosis of people. Although not all the misdiagnosis cases are caused by this attitude, it is still considered a part of t he problem. It implies for training of nurses in ED that is focused on the parallel assessment of both teams (psychiatric and emergency team). The psychiatric nurses must learn how to enhance and structure the communication channels between the two departments. There is a need to overcome the disagreements over responsibilities between the two teams by fuller operationalisation for example to prevent delay in capacity assessments (Crawford et al., 2014). According to Happell et al., (2013) it is important for the mental health hospitals to mandate screening as essential for good practice. Diagnosis can be clarified by regular screening and monitoring of physical health. It is essential as clinical symptoms of anti-psychotic medication develop over time. The rationale for the need is to prevent the prioritization of the mental health over physical health due to stigma. I would like to relate this with the comments of one of my colleague which it is better to perform screening at six months interval as annual screening may be too late to modify risks as antipsychotics changes physical heath drastically. Therefore, mandating may help every nurse to involve in regular screening. The patients with mental illness have poor judgment and are highly likely to engage in sexual behavior that gives poor health outcomes such as HIV. The mental health nurses are in prime position to engage in discussion in patients regarding contraception, early detection of symptoms and need of sexual health checkups (Glasper 2016). However, psychiatric nurses fail to incorporate the sexual health as part of comprehensive nursing assessment and identify the individuals level of understanding. Nurses need intense training on importance of sexual reproductive health for physical wellbeing of people with mental illness and eliminate reluctance to raise such conversation with the patients (Crawford et al., 2014). As a nurse I myself felt the need of assistance to discuss the reproductive health with the patient. The study executed by Glasper (2016), showed that nurse perceive training needs for management in the area of cardiovascular health, nutrition and diabetes to provide effective care for patients with mental illness. As a nurse I did sometimes felt lack of confidence in technical skills such as resuscitation. Most of my friends including me believe that the only barriers in delivering effective physical health care was own workload and patients motivation. The mental health nurses in UK perceived training needs in the same areas mentioned above (Robson et al., 2013). As a nurse there were instances where I was in dilemma as to how to achieve therapeutic relationship with the client in order to encourage to quit smoking. I believed that the patients should be banned to quit smoking in the premises. On the other hand my colleagues suggested that nurses too should smoke along with the patients to ensure successful therapeutic relationship with the patients. This signifies that the nurses have a positive attitude towards delivery of physical of care of mentally ill patients. However, there is a lack of structured ways or protocol to initiate the care in the general areas. Consequently, there is lesser contribution paid to management of diabetes, sexual health advice and smoking cessation where are all the three domains significantly affect the physical health of the patients with mental illness. People suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are highly likely to have sedentary habits with obesity (Glasper, 2016). Nurses should encourage such patients to engage in physical activity and assess the same during assessment. However, most nurses do not consider this as their responsibility. It is my personal experience where I felt that patients should be referred to physical trainer for this purpose instead of taking entire responsibility on my shoulders. There is a need of guidelines for many other nurses like me to take action in this area instead of merely educating the benefits of it to the patients. This is possible only when the nurses need of work hour flexibility is handled. There is a need of hospitals to overcome staff shortage issues. Otherwise, nurses would focus only on mental health concerns and not on the physical health considering as additional burden. Poor dental and oral health is highly common in the people suffering from mental illness. Nurses do n ot incorporate the dental health assessment in screening and monitoring. Nurses are not aware that the medications for psychosis also effect dental health in addition to smoking and substance abuse. Therefore, nurses screen dental health only in substance users. This again indicates lack of awareness of what aspects to be included in screening and monitoring (Varcarolis, 2016). Patient fall is the other major significant physical health issue that is unmet by mental health nurses. Fall impacts the life of the patients and increases the hospital costs. However, nurses implement fall prevention for older age group ignoring the fact that some antipsychotic medication triggers fall such cholinesterase inhibitors, which may also happen with young men and women with mental illness (Hamaideh, 2016). I failed to prevent fall despite adequate training. I felt the need of support and assistance from multidisciplinary team which in most case is not available (Thongsai et al., 2016). This inhibits fall preventions and this area is overlooked by the organization I worked previously. According to Robson et al. (2013) training in areas where nurses need to learn specific protocol or awareness on particular health concerns can be provided. Nurses who have post-registration in physical health care training and experience of work in inpatient setting showed greater involvement in meeting physical health needs. There is need of innovative strategies to establish therapeutic relationship with clients having substance dependency. However, the study says that no specific training can be provided to change the attitude of the nurses or reluctance to address the physical health needs of the patients. According to Gray and Brown (2016) nurses did not consider physical health a priority for the service users and some greatly ignore the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication. This can be dealt by implementing stringent policies such as cancelling the licenses of the nurses showing discriminatory attitude towards patients or reluctant to encourage patient to quit addictio n. This will trigger fear and motivation to work hard among nurses who are well trained but tend to avoid delivery of appropriate care as a result of prejudgment. Positive attitude of the nurses is imperative in effecting outcome of care. Therefore, this is a key target of future research and training initiatives argued (Gray Brown, 2016). One of my batch mate identified the gap between the screening policy and the practice in various mental health hospitals in Australia. For example there were instances where I was told to manage crisis or address immediate event and it worked against the screening of physical heath. There is need to keep basic checks in place in addition to policies. The organization must clarify nurses about legal liability in cases where nurses fail to screen and follow up the same within specific time. It is needed because without following up screening would not be of any benefit to the client (Emerson et al., 2016). Conclusion: Nurses in mental health setting pay significant role in improving physical health of people suffering from mental health disorders. Based on the literature review and personal experience there is a need to overcome the barriers in physical care by addressing the nurses liability concerns, roles and responsibility issues and need of training and development in the area to allow nurses to be more certain about the involvement in the cancer screening, dental and eye health checks, sexual health promotion and providing cardiac health and nutrition advice. In addition to training initiatives there is a need of implementing stringent nursing practice for mental health nurses to eliminate reluctant attitude and multidisciplinary team support. This will allow them to have better awareness of their roles and responsibilities. References: Crawford, M. J., Jayakumar, S., Lemmey, S. J., Zalewska, K., Patel, M. X., Cooper, S. J., Shiers, D. (2014). Assessment and treatment of physical health problems among people with schizophrenia: national cross-sectional study.The British Journal of Psychiatry,205(6), 473-477. Emerson, T., Williams, K., Gordon, M. (2016). Physical health screening for patients with severe mental illness.Mental Health Practice,20(1), 21-25. Glasper, A. (2016). Improving the physical health of people with mental health problems.British Journal of Nursing,25(12), 696-697. Gray, R., Brown, E. (2016). What does mental health nursing contribute to improving the physical health of service users with severe mental illness? A thematic analysis.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. Hamaideh, S. H. (2016). Mental health nurses perceptions of patient safety culture in psychiatric settings.International Nursing Review. Happell, B., Scott, D., Nankivell, J., Platania?Phung, C. (2013). Screening physical health? Yes! But: nurses views on physical health screening in mental health care.Journal of clinical nursing,22(15-16), 2286-2297. Robson, D., Haddad, M., Gray, R., Gournay, K. (2013). Mental health nursing and physical health care: A cross?sectional study of nurses' attitudes, practice, and perceived training needs for the physical health care of people with severe mental illness.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,22(5), 409-417. Shefer, G., Henderson, C., Howard, L. M., Murray, J., Thornicroft, G. (2014). Diagnostic overshadowing and other challenges involved in the diagnostic process of patients with mental illness who present in emergency departments with physical symptomsa qualitative study.PloS one,9(11), e111682. Thongsai, S., Gray, R., Bressington, D. (2016). The physical health of people with schizophrenia in Asia: baseline findings from a physical health check programme.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,23(5), 255-266. Varcarolis, E. M. (2016).Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing: A communication approach to evidence-based care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Why The Confederacy Lost Essays - American Civil War,

Why The Confederacy Lost Why the Confederacy Lost Throughout history many historians have tried to put their finger on the exact reason for the Confederacy losing the war. Some historians blame the head of the confederacy Jefferson Davis, however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Northern army that won out. Yet others have blamed almost every general that the Confederacy had, according to James M. McPherson: Among them Robert E. Lee himself for mismanagement, overconfidence, and poor judgment; Jeb Stuart for riding off an a raid around the Union army and losing contact with his own army, leaving Lee blind in the enemy's country; Richard Ewell and Jubal Early for failing to attack Cemetery Hill on the afternoon of July 1st and again for tardiness in attacking on the 2nd; and above all, James Longstreet for lack of cooperation, promptness, and vigor in the assaults of July 2nd and 3rd.(P.19). Hopefully, this paper will shed some light on the true reasons for the Confederacy losing the war. There are two categories that interpretations can fall under, one is internal- internal is looking only at the south, what they did right and what they did wrong. The next one is external-external is looking at both the North and the South, seeing the problems and the successes of both sides. For and example of an external explanation, when Pickett was asked what he thought was the reason for the Confederacy losing the Battle of Gettysburg he said, ? I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it? (19). The idea that the Yankees had way too many

Malcolm X Essays - Politics, Counterculture Of The 1960s

Malcolm X Essays - Politics, Counterculture Of The 1960s Malcolm X Racism is a problem that the American people have grappled with since colonial times. The 1960's saw the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr and Malcolm X, who not only influenced the civil rights movement but attempted to solve the problem of racism in this country. On February 16, 1965, Malcolm X gave a speech called Not Just An American Problem, but a World Problem. In his speech he provides a theory on the relationship between media and racism called image making which still has validity today. On first reading, Malcolm's tone is angry and his theory on image making sounds absurd. He states: They (racists) use the press to get public opinion on their side. . . this is a science called image making. they hold you in check through this science of imagery. They even make you look down upon yourself, by giving you a bad image of yourself. Some of our own Black people who have eaten this image themselves and digested it until they themselves don't want to live in the Black community. Yet, current television programming seems to favor this idea. Local news programs continue to show colored communities as dangerous and gang-infested. They continually rely on the reports of these areas for the bulk of their news and overlook the positive images that residents of these areas try to create. For example, KNTV news continually reports on the thefts and shootings in East San Jose but does not make an effort to show how residents are dealing with these situations. The day a local East San Jose church helped sway the city council to put a streetlight on a very busy intersection, the news pre-empted the report with an accident on another East San Jose intersection. As a result, most people in these communities do not realize that they have power to change their area and have a great desire to move out of these areas. They have become prisoners who have bought into the image of East San Jose. Yet, local news programs are not the only ones to blame for image making; documentaries have played a part in the negative images of blacks. Malcolm X makes the claim that the negative image of communities in America are just a small part of the image making process. The documentary film has done the same for their African homeland. He states: They (the press) projected Africa in a negative image, a hateful image. They made us think that Africa was a land of jungles, a land of animals, a land of cannibals and savages. It was a hateful image. Current documentaries of Africa are still about their jungles and their tribes. Although they do not have a racist tone, the idea that African people are still uncivilized continues. The result is: Black people here in America who hated everything about us that was African. . . it was you who taught us to hate ourselves simply by shrewdly maneuvering us into hating the land of our forefathers and the people on that continent. These films do have an influence on today's society. From watching today's black TV, the actors on these shows make fun of these images. Recently, Martin Lawrence made fun of one of his friends; calling him a spear-thrower on his hit TV show. The larger problem that Malcolm X did not discuss in his speech is the result of the image making. The effectiveness of today's media on young minds is great. Only several years have passed since the introduction of a Black Barbie doll. The great action heroes are not colored but are white; only their sidekicks are colored, e.g., Lone Ranger and Tonto. Consequently, the serious Black actor is a precious commodity. It is the Black comedian who is more accepted in today's society because they are able to laugh about the negative black images. The white man, as Malcolm X might agree, would favor the comedian over the serious actor because white men do not want to be reminded about their crime. The comedian often supports the negative black images that the media has created: large lips, large buttocks, the criminal and the slave. Eddie Murphy is famous for his Mister Robinson character on Saturday Night Live. Robinson is a spoof on Mister Rogers; however, Robinson is a criminal. The image of the black man as a thief

Buddhism Essays (1386 words) - Yogacara, Buddhist Practices

Buddhism Buddhism, one of the major religions of the world, was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, who lived in northern India from 560 to 480 B.C. The time of the Buddha was one of social and religious change, marked by the further advance of Aryan civilization into the Ganges Plain, the development of trade and cities, the breakdown of old tribal structures, and the rise of a whole spectrum of new religious movements that responded to the demands of the times (Conze 10). These movements were derived from the Brahmanic tradition of Hinduism but were also reactions against it. Of the new sects, Buddhism was the most successful and eventually spread throughout India and most of Asia. Today it is common to divide Buddhism into two main branches. The Theravada, or "Way of the Elders," is the more conservative of the two; it is dominant in Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand (Berry 23). The Mahayana, or "Great Vehicle," is more diverse and liberal; it is found mainly in Taiwan, Korea, and Japan, and among Tibetan peoples, where it is distinguished by its emphasis on the Buddhist Tantras (Berry 24). In recent times both branches, as well as Tibetan Buddhism, have gained followers in the West. It is virtually impossible to tell what the Buddhist population of the world is today; statistics are difficult to obtain because persons might have Buddhist beliefs and engage in Buddhist rites while maintaining folk or other religions such as Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, and Hindu (Corless 41). Such persons might or might not call themselves or be counted as Buddhists. Nevertheless, the number of Buddhists worldwide is frequently estimated at more than 300 million (Berry 32). Just what the original teaching of the Buddha was is a matter of some debate. Nonetheless, it may be said to have centered on certain basic doctrines. The first of the Four Noble Truths, the Buddha held, is suffering, or duhkha. By this, he meant not only that human existence is occasionally painful but that all beings; humans, animals, ghosts, hell- beings, even the gods in the heavens; are caught up in samsara, a cycle of rebirth, a maze of suffering in which their actions, or karma, keep them wandering (Coomaraswamy 53). Samsara and karma are not doctrines specific to Buddhism. The Buddha, however, specified that samsara is characterized by three marks: suffering, impermanence, and no- self, or anatman. Individuals not only suffer in a constantly changing world, but what appears to be the self, the soul, has no independent reality apart from its many separable elements (Davids 17). The second Noble Truth is that suffering itself has a cause. At the simplest level, this may be said to be desire; but the theory was fully worked out in the complex doctrine of "dependent origination," or pratityasamutpada, which explains the interrelationship of all reality in terms of an unbroken chain of causation (Conze 48). The third Noble Truth, however, is that this chain can be broken, that suffering can cease. The Buddhists called this end of suffering nirvana and conceived of it as a cessation of rebirth, an escape from samsara. Finally, the fourth Noble Truth is that a way exists through which this cessation can be brought about: the practice of the noble Eightfold Path. This combines ethical and disciplinary practices, training in concentration and meditation, and the development of enlightened wisdom, all thought to be necessary. For the monks, the notion of offering extends also to the giving of the dharma in the form of sermons, to the chanting of scriptures in rituals (which may also be thought of as magically protective and salutary), and to the recitation of sutras for the dead (Corless 57). All of these acts of offering are intimately involved in the concept of merit-making. By performing them, individuals, through the working of karma, can seek to assure themselves rebirth in one of the heavens or a better station in life, from which they may be able to attain the goal of enlightenment. Zen Buddhism Zen or Chan Buddhism represents a movement within the Buddhist religion that stresses the practice of meditation as the means to enlightenment. Zen and Chan are, respectively, Japanese and Chinese attempts to render the Sanskrit word for meditation, dhyana (Coomaraswamy 94). Zen's roots may be traced to India, but it was in East Asia that the movement became distinct and flourished. Like other Chinese Buddhist sects, Chan first established itself as a lineage of masters emphasizing the teachings of a particular text, in this

Discourse analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discourse analysis - Essay Example In this piece of conversation, the major theme is a dispute between three children, with the younger children Ayesha and Zaynad appearing to unite and take sides against the elder Kahlidja. The major issue is whether or not Khalidja went to her aunt’s house to read the evening prayer to her aunt and whether she was doing her school work on her computer or downloading other materials. In the process of arriving at a resolution of what appears to be a simple issue, the conversation in this instance reveals conflicts arising out of the differences between the conveying of a message by a speaker and its interpretation by a listener. Wardaugh (1985) states that conversation is a social activity, the participants must take each others’ feelings and sensitivities into account if communication is to be successful. They need to be conscious of each others’ needs especially the need not to be offended (Wardaugh,1985:2). In this transcript, there are several instances where participants interrupt each other, and also offend each other. For instance, analyzing the conversational trend shows that the confrontational stance seems to have developed because of the lack of sensitivity of the participants about not offending each other. For example, the conflict has developed because both Zaynab and Ayesha have alleged that Khalidja did NOT go to the mosque, whereas a better conversational approach could have been to pose their doubts about her attendance at a mosque in the form of a question. As Wardaugh (1985) states, the social nature of conversation mandates that all participants should get equal opportunities to speak; in this transcript however, some of the linguistic characteristics that may be noted arise out of the lack of sensitivity of the participants. Zaynab in particular, being the youngest, has been interrupted ever so often; hence he does not have the same opportunities for participation th at the others

Does Modern Wedding Cost Too Much Research Paper

Does Modern Wedding Cost Too Much - Research Paper Example Although there are special cases of societal icons that have broken records in spending millions of dollars in wedding events, general spending by average people has increased tremendously. This paper seeks to provide succinct evidence to support the fact that modern weddings cost too much. Interestingly, planning of wedding events has become a fully functional industry that generates millions of dollars every year. Certainly, this has been primarily caused by the increase of busy lifestyles and consequently less time to spend organizing for wedding events. Couples have increasingly preferred to opt for wedding organizing services since there is increased money flow and less time to spend it due to busy lifestyles. Although the exact cost of holding a wedding event ranges from one country to another Sherrie claims, â€Å"The price for a wedding in the U.S, is $ 26, 400† (Sherrie 14). It is also claimed that the wedding â€Å"Cost will increase about 2.3% over already high 200 5 prices† (Sherrie 13). Although these statistics were taken in 2005, it can be posited that at present, costs have actually gone up further. There is overwhelming evidence indicating that the costs of modern wedding are actually high. According to a report by Fox, â€Å"the national average costs of using a wedding planner is approximately $3500 to $4000. For some couples, hiring a wedding planner is a crucial part of their wedding preparation† (Fox n.p). With the stresses of modern lifestyles, it is easy to understand why many couple opt for a wedding planner, it simply offers a relief. Although hiring a wedding planner increases the costs of the wedding, the relief offered is justified. With more people preferring wedding planner service to organize their wedding events, wedding planning business continue to flourish and offer better services thereby increasing the costs further. Holding of wedding events calls for hiring of special ceremony sites that will offer the wedding a sense of uniqueness. Renting of the ceremony sites especially for the reception, assuming that appreciable number of weddings are held in church, has increased with time. This causes an increase in overall wedding costs considering that a large percentage of the wedding resources will be spent on hiring exclusive ceremony sites such as lucrative hotels and recreational centers. According to estimates by Alliance Trust â€Å"The largest proportion of the wedding cost is spent on the hire of the venue, catering and drinks, this alone can swallow around 33% of the total cost† (Alliance Trust web). Another important aspect worth consideration, a precursor to rising wedding costs, is the upward shift in wedding age. According to Alliance Trust, â€Å"Our calculations put the average cost at ?20,000 – an onerous amount which could well explain why couples are delaying a wedding until they are more financially secure† (Alliance Trust web). This is clear evid ence that the modern society appreciates the importance of weddings to the extent that they would defer the wedding to a later date so that they could afford the increased wedding costs. A brief analysis of trends in wedding costs conducted by Wong posits, â€Å"The average price tag that is fast approaching $30,000 represents a 73 percent increase during the past 15 years† (Wong web). It is interesting to note that such a rise in spending costs can be attributed to change in lifestyle, personal

Aquatic Flora of Pulicat Lake Essay Example for Free

Aquatic Flora of Pulicat Lake Essay Pulicat lake derived its name from a vernacular name ‘Palaverkadu’ means plants with many number of roots. Those plants are mangroves with aerial roots called Pneumatophores. The word mangrove is considered to be a combination of the Portuguese word â€Å"Mangue† and English Word â€Å"Grove†. These are salt tolerant plants and are rich in this area and might be the reason for that name. The lake harbours rich and valued floristic wealth because of its varied ecological habitat viz., salt marshes, canals, mangroves, islands, low lying areas etc. A careful study of literature revealed that the lake has hardly received attention by the botanical explorers and hence it has remained botanically under-explored so far. But its fauna was extensively studied by many zoologists Nanda Kumar et.al . A.R.KSastry and T.A. Rao (1973) in their extensive study on the flora and vegetation of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, have recorded about 15 species from the island of the lake. Pulicat lake derived its name from a vernacular name ‘Palaverkadu’ means plants with many number of roots. The lagoon’s boundary limits range between 13.33 ° to 13.66 ° N and 80.23 ° to 80.25 °E, with a dried part of the lagoon extending up to 14.0 °N.; with about 84% of the lagoon in Andhra Pradesh and 16% in Tamil Nadu. The large spindle-shaped barrier island named Sriharikota separates the lake from the Bay of Bengal. Area Three major Rivers which feed the lagoon are Arani river, Kalangi river and Swarmukhi river. The Buckingham Canal, a navigation Channel is part of the lagoon on its western side. It is connected to the sea through three tidal inlets, one each at Tupilipalem, Rayadoruvu and Pulilcat villages respectively, from north to south. Study was undertaken in the Pulicat lake and data of aquatic flora collected by frequent visits during 2009-2010. Close up Photographs of as many as possible and associations depicting the richness of the macrophytes of the lake were taken. Herbaria of various aquatic plants also collected for future reference. Herbaria-specimens are preserved at N.B.K.R. Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Vidyanagar, Nellore District. Results and Discussions Brackish water is more saltier than fresh water and less saltier than sea water. Hence it is biologically more productive than either freshwater or sea water. It shows very rich aquatic population diversity including free floating, submerged, suspended, marginal, amphibious plants along with halophytes and mangroves. Region of pulicat lake includes salt marshes, canals and mangroves. Salt marshes often inundated by backwaters are mostly occupied by halophytes. They include Aleuropous lagopoides, Etriplex repens, Cressa cretica, Crotalaria retusa, Cyparus haspan, Fimbristylils ferrugenea, Salilchornia brachiata , Sesuvium portulacastrum Etc. Similar halophytic species scattered along the banks of Buckingham canal and Vapenjeri canal flowing with brackish water. Halophila ovalis popularly called sea grass belong to the family Hydrochariticeae appear prominently all along the margins Buckingham canal. Small mangrove pockets are located at two places namely near Vepenjeri canal close to Chandrasikuppam, and near Chengalpalem. Four species of mangroves belonging to four families are prominent over here. They include Aegiceras corniculatus of Myrsiraceae, Avicennia marina of Aviceiniaceae, Excoecaria agallocha of Euphorbiaceae and Lumintzera racemosa of Combretaceae. They develop pneumatophores in response to oxygen deficient conditions Significance of macrophytes to the lake: Macrophytes provide cover for fish and substrate for aquatic invertebrates, produce oxygen and act as food for some fish and wild life. Established mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, there by enhancing sediment deposition. The fine anoxic sediments under mangroves act as sinks for a variety of heavy (trace) metal with colloidal particles in the sediments scavenged from the water. They protect coastal areas from erosion, storms and tsunamis. Their massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy. Conclusion A decline in the macrophytic population may indicate water quality problem. They may be the result of excessive turbidgidy, pollutants including herbicides or salinization. It may lead to a major socio economic problem. One village in Tamilnadu was protected from tsunami destruction. That village is Naluvedapathy planted 80.244 saplings to get into the Guinness Book of World Records. This created a kilometer wide belt of trees of various varieties. When the tsunami struck, much of the land around the village was flooded but the village escaped form minimal damage. Many conservative methods have to be practiced to protect the macrophytic flora of the lake.

Computational Complexity and the Origin of Universals :: Mathematics Mathematical Philosophy Papers

Computational Complexity and the Origin of Universals ABSTRACT: This paper establishes close relationships between fundamental problems in the philosophical and mathematical theories of mind. It reviews the mathematical concepts of intelligence, including pattern recognition algorithms, neural networks and rule systems. Mathematical difficulties manifest as combinatorial complexity of algorithms are related to the roles of a priori knowledge and adaptive learning, the same issues that have shaped the two-thousand year old debate on the origins of the universal concepts of mind. Combining philosophical and mathematical analyses enables tracing current mathematical difficulties to the contradiction between Aristotelian logic and Aristotelian theory of mind (Forms). Aristotelian logic is shown to be the culprit for the current mathematical difficulties. I will also discuss connections to GÃ ¶del’s theorems. The conclusion is that fuzzy logic is a fundamental requirement for combining adaptivity and apriority. Relating the mathemati cal and philosophical helps clarifying both and helps analyzing future research directions of the mathematics of intelligence. I. Introduction: Mathematics and Philosophy The two-thousand year old debate on the origins of universal concepts of mind was about the roles of adaptivity or learning from experience vs. the a priori knowledge (the inborn or God-given). It is closely related to the epistemological problem of the origins of knowledge. The problem of combining adaptivity and a-priority is fundamental to computational intelligence as well as to understanding human intelligence. There is an interrelationship among concepts of mind in mathematics, psychology, and philosophy, which is much closer than currently thought among scientists and philosophers of today. From the contemporary point of view, the questions about mind posed by ancient philosophers are astonishingly scientific. A central question to the work of Plato, Aristotle, Avicenna, Maimonides, Aquinas, Occam, and Kant was the question of the origins of universal concepts. Are we born with a priori knowledge of concepts or do we acquire this knowledge adaptively by learning from experienc e? This question was central to the work of ancient philosophers, medieval theologists, and it was equally important to theories of Freud, Jung, and Skinner. The different answers they gave to this question are very similar to the answers given by McCulloch, Minsky, Chomsky and Grossberg. When 2300 years ago Plato faced a need to explain our ability to conceptualize, he concluded that concepts are of a priori origin. The philosophy based on the transcendental, a priori reality of concepts was named realism. During the following 2000 years the concept of a-priority was tremendously strengthened by the development of monotheistic religion in Europe, to the extent that it interfered with empirical studies.

Pens vs. Pencils Compare/Contrast

You are in the middle of writing the best story of your life. Every word is rolling out of you with ease; you feel as if nothing could stop this continuous flow of ideas, and then snap! That’s the sound of your pencil lead breaking. You get up to sharpen the utensil, but find that you have no way of doing so. You get out a small pocket knife and begin frantically whittling the end, hoping to see some sign of the soft graphite showing, so that you may continue your story, which is quickly evaporating from your brain.As you wait in the hospital emergency room, blood dripping from your punctured hand, you realize that you will never remember the end of the story you were writing, and you think to yourself, â€Å"Could anything be worse? Would a pen have saved my finger? † Well, my answer: Maybe. You make many decisions throughout your life, but one quandary that presents itself on a daily basis is the decision between writing with a pen or a pencil. Although both a pencil and pen function in very nearly the same way, there exist some key differences between the two. Pens and pencils are similar in a large number of ways.First, they both are used for writing and are essentially the same cylindrical shape. Also, they will both eventually, if used enough, be rendered useless: the pen by running out of ink, the pencil by running out of lead. Both a pen and a pencil can be relatively cheap to purchase also, and both can be erased, although the mark of a pen is often more difficult to remove. Recognizing all of these similarities, one may begin to think that pens and pencils are nearly the same, but this is far from true. One major way in which a pen and pencil differ is in the length of usage.Many pencils are quick to break, requiring sharpening again and again, while you are forced to watch helplessly as your new pencil quickly transmutes into an embarrassing stump of a writing utensil. Pens, on the other hand, never require sharpening, and they will oft en last days and days longer than even the best of pencils. This is not even to mention the annoyance of losing a brand new pencil eraser the first time you use it, because it decides, instead of yielding neatly and doing its job of effacing the misplaced mark, to completely snap off when the lightest of pressures is applied.Surely, the reader is familiar with this hazard and can see that the longer length of usage provided by a pen far outweighs the, some might say, advantage of the erasability of pencils. The major difference that can be noticed between these two utensils is more subtle. In regards to the feeling in the hand of the movement of the writing utensil, the difference between writing with a pen compared with using a pencil is nearly the same as the comparison between writing with a smooth, brand new Expo marker and scraping your sharpened nails down a two hundred-year-old crusty chalkboard.One is smooth, the other is not, and gratingly so. Many people prefer pens for ex actly this reason: the smooth feeling of writing with one. Where pencils can be rough and, if poorly sharpened, irritatingly dull, pens rarely fail to provide a smooth writing experience. Pens and pencils, though seemingly very similar, in fact, have a few major differences, and these differences show the advantages of using a pen. A pen will not normally break and will last a lot longer than a pencil.Pens also provide a smoother writing experience and do not give a feeling of scraping a chiseled piece of rock against your work. So, next time you have the decision to make between a pen and pencil, choose wisely, and remember these words if you make the wrong decision and end up in the hospital with your whittling knife stuck in the pad of you hand with the best story you have ever contrived slowly erasing itself from your mind. Pens vs. Pencils Compare/Contrast You are in the middle of writing the best story of your life. Every word is rolling out of you with ease; you feel as if nothing could stop this continuous flow of ideas, and then snap! That’s the sound of your pencil lead breaking. You get up to sharpen the utensil, but find that you have no way of doing so. You get out a small pocket knife and begin frantically whittling the end, hoping to see some sign of the soft graphite showing, so that you may continue your story, which is quickly evaporating from your brain.As you wait in the hospital emergency room, blood dripping from your punctured hand, you realize that you will never remember the end of the story you were writing, and you think to yourself, â€Å"Could anything be worse? Would a pen have saved my finger? † Well, my answer: Maybe. You make many decisions throughout your life, but one quandary that presents itself on a daily basis is the decision between writing with a pen or a pencil. Although both a pencil and pen function in very nearly the same way, there exist some key differences between the two. Pens and pencils are similar in a large number of ways.First, they both are used for writing and are essentially the same cylindrical shape. Also, they will both eventually, if used enough, be rendered useless: the pen by running out of ink, the pencil by running out of lead. Both a pen and a pencil can be relatively cheap to purchase also, and both can be erased, although the mark of a pen is often more difficult to remove. Recognizing all of these similarities, one may begin to think that pens and pencils are nearly the same, but this is far from true. One major way in which a pen and pencil differ is in the length of usage.Many pencils are quick to break, requiring sharpening again and again, while you are forced to watch helplessly as your new pencil quickly transmutes into an embarrassing stump of a writing utensil. Pens, on the other hand, never require sharpening, and they will oft en last days and days longer than even the best of pencils. This is not even to mention the annoyance of losing a brand new pencil eraser the first time you use it, because it decides, instead of yielding neatly and doing its job of effacing the misplaced mark, to completely snap off when the lightest of pressures is applied.Surely, the reader is familiar with this hazard and can see that the longer length of usage provided by a pen far outweighs the, some might say, advantage of the erasability of pencils. The major difference that can be noticed between these two utensils is more subtle. In regards to the feeling in the hand of the movement of the writing utensil, the difference between writing with a pen compared with using a pencil is nearly the same as the comparison between writing with a smooth, brand new Expo marker and scraping your sharpened nails down a two hundred-year-old crusty chalkboard.One is smooth, the other is not, and gratingly so. Many people prefer pens for ex actly this reason: the smooth feeling of writing with one. Where pencils can be rough and, if poorly sharpened, irritatingly dull, pens rarely fail to provide a smooth writing experience. Pens and pencils, though seemingly very similar, in fact, have a few major differences, and these differences show the advantages of using a pen. A pen will not normally break and will last a lot longer than a pencil.Pens also provide a smoother writing experience and do not give a feeling of scraping a chiseled piece of rock against your work. So, next time you have the decision to make between a pen and pencil, choose wisely, and remember these words if you make the wrong decision and end up in the hospital with your whittling knife stuck in the pad of you hand with the best story you have ever contrived slowly erasing itself from your mind.

Filipino Teen-Ager’s Perspective on the Use of Herbs for Health and Body Care

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Herbs are essential ingredients today. Different kinds of products made of it are now sprouting. Examples are herbal soaps for whitening the skin, herbal tea for cleansing the body, herbal hair supplements for hair growth, etc. But it is primarily used for medical and health purposes. An herb, as stated by the Microsoft Encarta Dictionaries (2007), is â€Å"a low-growing aromatic plant used fresh or dried for seasoning, for its medicinal properties. â€Å" A common feature of Filipinos is their persuadable character. Nowadays, because of the herb thing being shown in TV commercials and informative shows, many are starting to notice herbs and their useful properties for health purposes. Due to this increasing interest of Filipinos on herbs, the researcher chose to study about it but limited the topic to Filipino adolescents’ (ages14-19) view on herbs. The researcher is a teen herself. She wants to know if people her age have a common view and response on the subject matter. This is the main reason she limited the respondents to just Filipino teens rather than the whole age range of Filipino citizens. Significance of the Study Studying the perspective of the young on herbs can benefit a lot of people. If proven that a larger part of the group would have a positive view on the use of herbs, meaning they are very open to the use of herbs, then there would be possibility that this study can convince: (a) foreign and local investors to invest in herb businesses in the Philippines; (b) the government to supply more herbal products for the poor and/or to support Filipino entrepreneurs who are into herb business; and (c) the medical researchers to study this topic on herbs further. This study is interesting because herbs are in vogue today. Filipinos are now into herbal use and medication. Many herbal commodities are coming out in the market. This study, likewise, can have a hand in the prevailing knowledge of Modern Filipino lifestyles and Filipino Culture. It can also contribute to the studies of the behaviors of Filipinos on herbal products. It can negate or verify the hearsays that most Filipinos are using herbal commodities in their every day life. Statement of the Problem Teens are willing to use herbs, a rising trend in the world, for their health and body care for reasons that their environment they have grown up influenced them and that the effects of their daily experiences also affects their behavior. Objectives of the Study This study intends to: †¢ Enable readers to know about the Filipino Teen-agers’ attitude on the use of herbs for daily living. †¢ Have knowledge of the factors that lead Filipino Teen-agers to be convinced or discouraged to use herbs. †¢ Enhance people’s awareness on the issue of herbal use. Help in foreseeing the undesirable consequences of the use of herbs. †¢ Encourage researchers to explore further the topic and research on the other applications of herbs. †¢ Help in the economic environment of the Philippines. Review of Related Literature â€Å"And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in which is the fr uit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat†¦and to†¦everything†¦wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so,† stated in Genesis 1: 29, 30. There are a number of texts in the Bible that can be references to the people’s use of herbs in that time. The above text is one of them. Herminia de Guzman-Ladion interpreted this text from the Bible. She said in her book Healing Wonder of Herbs that herbs were used in God’s dietary plan for man and His creatures (de Guzman-Ladion, 1985). This is an example of how people of the positive ways in using herbs. There can be a conclusion that man, in the time when the Bible had been written, already believed in the good effect of the use of herbs for their daily living. As a relation to this, Winston J. Craig (1996) said in his article Herbs in the March-April 1996 issue of Health & Home Magazine that a number of herbal products (plants) have been found to be beneficial for people’s health (Craig, 1996). Yes, herbal plants can be very useful for a person’s health but cautions must be taken. In the article Herbal Supplements in the same issue of the same magazine, The Mayo Clinic (1996) asserted that lack of scientific basis doesn’t mean all herbs are hazardous for anyone, but taking them is uncertain (The Mayo Clinic, 1996). As a result of the herb’s popularity caused by declarations or overstated bits of scientific evidence, people are spending millions a year for herbal remedies. These herbs are selling like hotcakes and promise to enhance one’s well-being naturally (The Mayo Clinic, 1996). An example of the popularity of herbs is the survey assessed by the World Health Organization. The result of the said survey is it revealed 65% – 80% of the world’s population uses traditional medicine as their principal method of health care (Drew, 1997). (Herbal use is a part of the traditional medicine. This survey like the surveys of the SWS has shown that not only Filipinos use herbs but also a lot in the world. Herbs are very useful, especially for helping cure diseases. Dr. Gerard Penecilla, a Filipino pharmaceutical scientist, found out that that 2 herbal plants, banaba and tsaang-gubat, found out that these plants contain ingredients that can fight the growth and multiplication o f cancer cells. (Herbs, 2003) Many Filipinos like him want to expand and explore the applications of herbs in the scientific knowledge. Former acting health secretary Jaime Galvez Tan said, â€Å"if only we could establish more herbal processing plants (in the Philippines), importing expensive drugs and medicines will become a thing in the past. † (Filipinos, 1996) If only what Mr. Tan’s hope would happen, there would be more convenient medicines for the less fortunate. Medicines would be affordable that people would not experience the anxiousness they feel whenever there is someone stricken by viral diseases in their families. This could happen in the near future but there are still no implications that studies are already closer today than yesterday. Methodology The researcher’s topic is about the behavior of Filipino teens on the use of herbs or health and body care. The most appropriate way to address this matter is by the method of a survey. Though it is very expensive and time-consuming, a survey would tell the concrete ideas of the participants regarding the topic. Besides from surveys, the researcher will research about existing data from the different libraries near her home. This would help her in proving or negating her interview results. This would also provide a better understanding of the subject matter. Participants About 20 Filipino teen-age students (ages 14-19), living or studying in Pampanga preferably in the cities of San Fernando and Angeles, will be interviewed. This age range is very suitable for the study because the younger generation is very prone to technological and scientific changes. They have the capacity to adapt in such changes, yet they can be instruments to promote or obliterate these alterations. These made them a very suitable group in studying the above concern. They should be knowledgeable of the subject matter and can give critical answers to questions raised to them. Procedure The researcher will conduct surveys with the participants. Before she will start the discussion, the researcher will request for the participant’s permission to answer the questions in her study and will guarantee the participant that his or her private identity will not be specified in the report. The researcher will explain beforehand the purpose and goals of her study. Then, she will hand to the participant the survey questionnaire and the respondent will answer them with his or her own opinion and idea about the matter as the researcher will explain some details in the questionnaire that the participant is confused of. The survey will take place in the school or home of the participant and will last not more than 10-20 minutes. After the dialogues, the researcher will give her utmost gratitude to the participant for lending his or her time and sharing his or her views. All the data will be summed up and run through. The researcher will give a particular consideration to the outlook of the participants on herbal use. Related studies and literatures collected will be used in analyzing the data. They will be added to support or refute the present study. Common scenarios will be pointed out and elaborated. Outline Thesis Statement: Teens are willing to use herbs, a rising trend in the world, for their health and body care for reasons that their environment they have grown up influenced them and that the effects of their daily experiences also affects their behavior. I. There is a rising trend of the use of herbal products and medicine in the world. A. The ancient world was using herbs for centuries. 1. Man and plant are complementing one another. 2. Chinese herbology is the most popular use of herbs in the world. . The Greek physicians collected and prescribed medicinal plants and their extracts for various illnesses. 4. Writings of Egyptians containing plants for the cure of diseases were found. B. The demand and trend for herbal products and medicines were reflected on certain economic issues of different countries. 1. Germany imports medicinal plants for its people’s use. 2. The herbal market is growing in the United States . 3. Asia exports a lot of herbal plants such as Indonesia’s Jamu and Korea’s Ginseng. 4. Canada consumes a lot herbal medicines for their health. 5. Japan will work to regulate supplements as foods instead of drugs. C. Studies and surveys were conducted to prove the popularity and effectiveness of herbal products, medicines and supplements. 1. The world Health Organization estimated 80% of people in the world use herbal medicines. 2. Unity Maketing, Business Communication Company and National Marketing Institute researched separately the herbal market. 3. The dietary supplements sales on the internet reached $40 million in 1998. 4. Supplement companies have united to increase research and education on supplements. 5. The PCCARD revives herbal use for their services. 6. An SWS survey showed that the Filipinos are using herbal medicines to cure illnesses. II. The environment where the teens are growing up is the primary factor for their positive attitude in using herbs. A. The familys lifestyle takes part in their behaviors. 1. Beliefs and practices regarding folk medicine were handed down from ancestors. 2. Safe and natural medications are now of primary concern. B. Friends are the one of the best source of information. C. Media is also a factor. 1. Most teenagers engage with media everyday. . Television ads on herbal products are aired. 3. Teens are reading a lot of publications and browsing the web in this stage of their growth. 4. Artists have been endorsing herbal teas and organic products. III. Another factor that affects their behavior is effects of their daily experiences. A. The increasing pollution in the teens’ society becomes disturbing. B. The teens’ lack of exercise adds to their need for an instant remedy to maintain good status of their health. C. Stress is very usual to students. I. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The World’s View Before, man used plants in two ways. First, plants were used in religious rituals and ceremonies. They were thought to be divinatory agents. Through offering plants, people believed that gods can hear and interact with them. They also believed that this is a way to please the gods. The second way is the medical use of plants. There are illnesses that are believed to be treatable by plants. These diseases included mental illnesses, diarrhea, worm infection, lung diseases, and diabetes. Plants were known to be the medical folklore of people. They were used for centuries (Lisca, 2000). In their introduction in Medical botany: plants affecting man’s health, Walter and Memory Lewis (1977) stated that â€Å"Man’s survival has been dependent on his innate curiosity, his desire to examine by trial and error all aspects of his environment, and to conclude, for example, which materials are remedial, which ones are harmful and which give him the greatest nourishment† (Lewis, 1977). China is very popular with its great contribution to science. In the Chinese History, the legendary Empereor Shen Nung put together the Pen T’sao where he rated 365 herbs as superior, mediocre or inferior (Modell, 1980). At present, herbology and acupuncture blended with cosmopolitan medicine form the new Chinese medicine which Chinese are proud of because of its therapies and concepts that treat men as a whole entity (Lewis, 1977). In the Ancient Greece, medicinal plants were also used to cure diseases. Some great physicians like Hippocrates, gathered and prescribed drugs that contain herbs and medicinal plants (Modell, 1980). In Ancient Egypt, the Papyrus Ebers, an ancient text (1500 B. C. ) containing 700 herbal remedies, showed how skilled the Egyptians were in use of herbal medicines (Herbs, 2005). Not only in the ancient world are herbs used, but also in the present world. Plants do not only benefit our health but they also benefit the economical growth of a country. People are now having interest on using herbal products. This could have been the main reason for the growing interest on the herbal market. Countries such as Germany, France, Sweden, and Australia are now on the course of licensing herbal remedies. The European Commission had made a draft directive in licensing herbal preparations where in these herbal products will be given licenses if they passed the procedures in assessing their quality and safety (De Smet, 2002). Germany is the home of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. But it is also the biggest importer and consumer of medicinal plants. An example of the Germans extensive use of herbal products is the high priced herbal laxatives. These laxatives cost 10 times more than pharmaceutical chemical laxatives (Escobar, Economic). In the United States, 60 million Americans used herbs in 1996, accounting $3. 24billion in sales. The US herbal market experienced unprecedented growth as herbal medicine sales increased by 59% in 1997 (Miller, 1998). Dr. Herbert Loveless expected the US herbal market to reach $6 to $8 billion in 1998 with an annual growth rate of 25% (US, 1999). Now, the annual sale of drugs from plants is $10 billion. Investigations on new uses of plant-derived drugs are also growing. There are more than 200 organizations are experimenting and researching on plants today (Lisca, 2000). Asia has been the largest exporter of herbal products and supplements. According to Vicenta M. Escobar, Pharm. D. , Indonesia uses â€Å"Jamu† and Korea uses â€Å"Ginseng†. Both also created export markets for their herbal products (Escobar, Economic). Governments also help in the use of herbal medicines and products. The Canadian government allocated $10 million to establish a natural product organization in response to the growing public demand for herbs and dietary supplements in Canada (Canada, 1999). Also, over 1700 retail outlets, with an estimation of $680 million annual retail sales, are classified as health food stores or supplements/ nutrition stores there (Schleich, Herbal). In Japan, the government will work for a reclassification of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and other dietary supplements as food instead of drugs (Japan, 1999). Aside from the government, various groups and companies do research for the development of the knowledge and use of herbs. As said by the World Health Organization, 80% of people worldwide are depending on herbal medicines for their healthcare because of the increasing cost of prescription medicines and the interest to go back to the natural remedies (Hart, 2002). The unity Marketing reported that doctors were the consumer’s best source of credible information on vitamins and herbs, followed by publications, product labels, and friends. According to the Business Communications Company, there is an expected increase in the amount of botanical raw materials at a rate of 9. 7% annually through 2004. National Marketing Institute noted that in the next five years, the biggest sellers would be products that assist the immune system, followed by stress reducers and cognitive enhancers (Market, 2000). As stated by the Nutrition Business Journal, a $40 million supplement sales was reached on the internet in 1998 (Online, 1999). The Corporate Alliance for Integrative Medicine, composed of 10 major supplement companies, will focus on research programs at major American Universities. It also aims to develop programs for medical professionals and consumers (Industry, 1998). In the Philippines, the PCCARD, or the Philippine Council for Agriculture Resource Research and Development, is reviving the use of herbs and medicinal plants for health care services. They encourage people by imposing simple instructions on how to grow these plants and listing the ailments that can be cured by these medical plants and herbs (Filipinos, 2008). There had been a study conducted by the Social Weather Station (SWS) in 1994. It disclosed that 78% of Filipinos were making use of herbal medicines to cure different kinds of common ailments (Filipinos, 1996). A previous survey presented that 66 of Filipinos are availing themselves of local herbs or medicinal plants when suffering from various illness or discomfort (Filipinos, 1996). These surveys show that, even before, there is an existing knowledge of the Filipino behavior on the subject of herbs. The Filipino Teenagers’ view The word ‘herbs’ is a common word heard from the conversation of most adults. They know a lot about it and its great contribution to the society. But does the next generation know about it? The researcher wants to know the answer to this question. In her survey, she asked if the respondents know anything about herbs and its so-called ‘natural healing powers’. The teenagers’ response was not surprising. 90% (18 out of 20) confirmed that they knew about it. Some of the respondents’ views were: â€Å"They are plants. Some of them have soft stems and can be used in cooking, medicine and cosmetics. I learned many herbal medicines in our botany class. And well, (maybe because) I’m taking up Pharmacy. † -Female, 17 â€Å"Herbs are medicinal plants. They contain minerals that are proven to be effective by science. † – Female, 17 The Filipino family is the family wherein each member is very much influenced by the culture, beliefs and practices of the family. Their lifestyle would have a great part in each member’s personality and views. In the survey 100% of the respondents affirmed that their families are knowledgeable on herbs. 85% (17 out of 20) of the respondents assumed their families believe in the ‘natural healing powers’ of herbs, 10 %( 2 out of 20) answered their families wouldn’t believe, and 5% (1 out of 20) didn’t respond to the question. 0% (14 out of 20) of the respondents stated that their families use herbs, 25% (5 out of 20) stated that their families are not using herbs, and 5% (1 out of 20) didn’t respond to the question. Philippine culture is rich with beliefs and practices in folk medicine. A lot of them are still passed on from generation to generation. O ne of them is the belief of the herbolario’s (albularyo) capacity to cure different illnesses. From the encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs of Fr. Francisco Demetrio, S. J. , a herbolario is called as such because he uses herbs or some kind of grass in curing the sick (Demetrio, 1991). But this belief was not very much seen on the survey. Only 40% (8 out of 20) stated that their family consulted a herbolario at least once, 35% (7 out of 20) said no, and 25% (5 out of 20) were uncertain. Many families use herbs for it is natural and safe. According to the survey, 65% (13 out of 20) said that their families use herbs due to its natural properties and 55% (11 out of 20) said their families use herbs due to its safer properties than synthetic drugs. Aside from the families, the next factor that builds the personality of a teenager is his/ her friends. They are with him or her most of the time in this stage of his or her life. Thus, they converse a lot of different topics which makes the ‘friends’ factor one of the primary sources of information. There had been a 50-50 result on the survey regarding the teens’ conversations with their friends about herbs. 50% of the respondents said that they had conversed about herbs with their friends and the other 50% said they did not. 60% (12 out of 20) of them presumed that their friends believe in herbs’ ‘natural healing powers’, 10% (2 out of 20) didn’t think so, and the others did not respond to the question. Teenagers engage with media, such as television, internet, radio, magazines and newspapers, everyday. It is also a source of information where they can be knowledgeable of things easily. 90% (18 out of 20) of the respondents said that they know television advertisements of some herbal products, supplements, and medicines. 80% (16 out of 20) of them stated that they have read articles talking about herbs/ herbal products in some publications and over the net. 85% (17 out of 20) of them said that they know some local and foreign artists who endorse herbal products. But only 10% (2 out of 20) of participants believed these artists use the products they endorse and 45% (9 out of 20) supposed these artists do not use the products they endorse. Pollution is brought about by the advancing technology today. Smokes from cars and other pollutants are everywhere. With this, most teenagers are alarmed for its harmful effects to their health and to the society. 65% (13 out of 20) of the respondents stated that they are currently alarmed of the danger of their health brought about by pollution. 55% (11 out of 20) of respondents said that herbs can help them be protected against pollution. A problem that also bothers the teenagers is their lack of exercise. 85% (17 out of 20) of them said that they don’t exercise regularly. 0% (8 out of 20) of them think that taking herbal remedies can help in maintaining a good status of their health, 25% (5 out of 20) of them said they don’t think so, and 35% (7 out of 20) of them are neutral about it. The respondents are also students. Most of them are stressed out and tired of school works and activities. But only 30% (6 out of 20) of them think that herbs can help them relieve str ess and tiredness, 15% (3 out of 20) don’t think so, and 55% (11 out of 20), the majority, are neutral about it. 5% (13 out of 20) of the respondents said that they prefer to use herbals due to their natural and safer properties than taking synthetic drugs. 75% (15 out of 20) stated that they are not taking herbs at present and 65% (13 out of 20) of the respondents said they are planning to use it in the future. II. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Teenage life is the stage of a person’s learning of the society and growth of personality through culture and environment. It is affected by different factors in which the attitudes and behaviors of the teenagers are being molded upon. At present, the world is already in the stage wherein technology is advancing fast and the teenagers have the capacity to adapt in such changes, yet they can be instruments in promoting or obliterating these alterations. But behind these technological and scientific changes, the use of herbs has still been a major notion. Practical living is the system of living the society mostly needs now due to such changes that greatly affect the people’s daily living. And one practical way is to use herbal remedies for its safer properties but cheaper price than synthetic drugs. The world, since the ancient times, uses herbs as medicinal cures for different diseases. Writings in the Ancients China, Greece, and Egypt of the use of herbs as remedies have been found. Presently, many countries, such as Germany and the United States of America, are extensively using herbal products and remedies. They have been researching and finding ways on how to prove and further enhance the healing ingredients of herbs. In the Philippines, programs and seminars were held by the government in encouraging Filipino families to grow medicinal plants and herbs and, therefore, use them for health and care purposes. Now, considering that Filipinos have a persuadable character and the economic crisis happening in the Philippines, it is likely possible that they would use medicinal plants and herbs in attending to their healthcare services. And because the Filipino family is the family wherein each member is very much influenced by the culture, beliefs and practices of the family, it is possible that the Filipino teenagers’ attitudes towards the use of herbs are mostly affected by their families. The survey has shown that majority of the respondents’ families are knowledgeable and using herbs. They also believe in the ‘natural healing powers’ of herbs. Aside from their families, the respondents’ friends and daily engagement with media affected their attitudes towards using herbs. It has been shown in the survey that majority of the respondents assumed that their friends are believing in the ‘natural healing powers’ of herbs and affirmed that they have watched commercial advertisements and read articles talking about the positive results in using herbs for healthcare. Other minor factors affecting the teenagers’ behavior in using herbs are pollution, stress and their lack of exercise. As revealed in the survey, majority of the respondents affirmed that using herbs can help them be protected from the harmful effects of pollution, be relieved from stress and tiredness, and maintain a good status of their health. Clearly, Filipino teenagers accepted the concept of herb in their daily living due to the influences and knowledge from their families, their friends, their experiences, and the media. Most of them are already conscious of their health that they are also considering the use of herbs for their health and body care. But still, some are not yet greatly bothered by it or concerned on the possible benefits or consequences they can get from using it. But because of what they hear and learn about it, they are, somewhat, expressing their interest on the subject matter. The research has shown how some of the Filipino teenagers address the issue of herbs for health and body care. But due to the limited time given and a small sample size used for the said research, the researchers does not recommend her research to be used in basing the whole standing of the Filipino Teenagers on the issue. It is not suitable because, aside from being small to be relied on, the sample used in the survey consists of students, either living or studying in the cities of Angeles and San Fernando in Pampanga. It would have been better if a larger sample size consisting of both literate and illiterate teenagers from different parts of the Philippines should be used. But time and money has been very limited so the researcher opted to use the present sample. The researcher also recommends that if another research will be based from the said research, a wider range of factors should be taken into notice. Aside from the factors used, other factors affecting Filipino teenagers’ attitudes and behaviors should be studied and pointed out. A wider range of factors would significantly help in showing the nature of general stand of the Filipino teenagers regarding the issue. Survey and library research are the two methods used in accomplishing the present research. These two methods are the most appropriate methods to be used because of the limited time given. But if time will not be a great consideration, the researcher recommends that the method of interviewing should be used instead of conducting a survey. The interview method would really reveal, in details, how Filipino teenagers address the issue of using herbs for health care purposes. It would greatly help in identifying the stand of the Filipino teenagers’ on the matter. But using this method would be very time-consuming and money-spending. Man and plant really cannot live without the other. They coexist in this world to benefit one another. References: Canada forms new federal natural products organization. (June 1999). Natural foods merchandiser. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Website: http://herbs. rg/current/canorg. html Craig, J. (1996 March-April). Herbs. Health & home: The national journal of better living, 2, 10-11. Demetrio, F. (1991). Herbolario of ancient Philppines. Encyclopedia of Philippine folk beliefs and customs (Vol. 2). Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Xavier University. De Smet, P. (19 December 2002). Herbal remedies. The New England journal of medicine. Retrieved February 2, 2008 from the World Wide Website: https://content. nejm. org/cgi/content/extract/347/25/2046 De Guzman-Ladion, H. (1985). Healing wonder of herbs. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Publishing House. Drew, Anna & Stephen Myers. (18 February 1997). Safety issues in herbal medicine: Implications for the health professions. The medical journal of Australia. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2007 from the world wide website: mja. com. Escobar, V. M. (n. d. ). Economic issues in medicinal plants. Retrieved from DOST regional office library (region 3). Filipinos are using herbal medicine. (2001-2008). Living in the Philippines Inc. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Website: https://www. livinginthephiluippines. om/herbalmedicine/filipino_uses_herbal_medicine. html Filipinos go herbal. (1996 May-June). Health & home: The national journal of better living, 3, 2. Hart, J. & Shumake, L. (1 December 2002). Herbal medicine. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Website: http://www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351. htm â€Å"Herb. † Microsoft Encarta. 2007. Herbs to cure cancer? (2003 May-June). Health & home: The national journal of better living, 3, 2. Herbs of Egypt. (2005). Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Website: http://www. erbsofegypt. com/ Industry alliance formed to increase research and education on supplements. (8 October 1998). Retrieved Dec. 15, 2007 from the world wide website: http://www. herbs. org/current/indallies. html Jocano, F. L. (1973). Major specialists. Folk medicine in a Philippine municipality. Diliman,QC: Punlad Research House, Inc. Japan moves to regulate supplements as foods. (17 May 1999). The Tan sheet. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Website: http://herbs. org/current/japansup. html Lewis, W. & M. P. F. 1977). Medical botany: Plants affecting man’s health. Missouri: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lisca, K. (2000). Drugs and the human body (with implications for society). Diliman,QC: Punlad Research House, Inc. Market research and predictions summarized. (July / August2000). Nutritional outlook. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2007 from the wo rld wide website: http://www. herbs. org/current/mktresearchsumm. htm The Mayo Clinic. (1996 March-April). Herbal supplements. Health & Home: The national journal of better living, 2, 10-11. Miller, Lucinda. (10 June 1998). Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2007 from the world wide website: archinte. ama-assn. org Modell, W. et. al. (1980). Life science library: Drugs. Hong Kong: Time Life Books. Online sales of dietary supplements reach $40 million. (May 1999). Natural business. Retrieved Dec. 15, 2007 from the world wide website: http://www. herbs. org/current/onlinesup. html Schleich, David John (n. d. ). Herbal medicine a continuing trend. Retrieved from DOST regional office library (region 3). US herbal market nearing

Stanford Academic Calendar Essay Example

Stanford Academic Calendar Essay Example Stanford Academic Calendar Paper Stanford Academic Calendar Paper Essay Topic: Academic AUTUMN QUARTER 2017-18 August 1 (Tue) Axess opens for course enrollment. Stanford Bulletin publishes academic year 2017-18 degree requirements August 28 (Mon) M.D. first-year students, first day of instruction. August 31 (Thu) M.D. second-year students, first day of instruction. September 5 (Tue) Law School instruction begins for 1st-year J.D. students. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). September 15 (Fri) Autumn Quarter Cardinal Care Waiver Deadline; see the Cardinal Care web site. September 15 (Fri) M.B.A. 1st-year instructions begins. September 15 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) At-status enrollment deadline in order to receive stipend or financial aid refund within the first week of term. September 19 (Tue) New undergraduates arrive. Convocation. Undergraduate housing opens for new students; see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. September 21 (Thu) Undergraduate housing opens for returning students; see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. September 25 (Mon) First day of quarter; instruction begins. September 25 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Preliminary Study List deadline. Students must be at status; i.e., students must have a study list with sufficient units to meet requirements for their status, whether full-time, 8-9-10 units (graduate students only), or approved Undergraduate Special Registration Status or Graduate Special Registration Status. The late study list fee is $200. September 25 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Deadline to submit Leave of Absence for full refund (see undergraduate leaves of absence and graduate leaves of absence). See Tuition and Refund Schedule for a full refund schedule. September 25 (Mon) Law School instruction begins for 2nd/3rd-year J.D. and advanced degree students. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). September 28 (Thu) Conferral of degrees, Summer Quarter 2016-17. September 29 (Fri) GSB course add/drop deadline. October 13 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Final Study List deadline, except GSB. Last day to add or drop a class; last day to adjust units on a variable-unit course. Last day for tuition reassessment for dropped courses or units. Students may withdraw from a course until the Course Withdrawal deadline and a W notation will appear on the transcript. November 6 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Term withdrawal deadline; last day to submit Leave of Absence to withdraw from the University with a partial refund. November 17 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Change of grading basis deadline, except GSB. November 17 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Course withdrawal deadline, except GSB, Law, and M.D. November 17 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Application deadline for Autumn Quarter degree conferral. November 20-24 (Mon-Fri) Thanksgiving Recess (no classes). December 1 (Fri) Last day of Law classes. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). December 2-7 (Sat-Thu) Law School Reading Period. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). December 4-10 (Mon-Sun) End-Quarter Period. December 8 (Fri) Last day of classes (unless class meets on Sat.), except Law. December 8 (Fri) Last opportunity to arrange Incomplete in a course, at last class. December 8 (Fri, noon) University thesis, D.M.A. final project, or Ph.D. dissertation, last day to submit. December 8 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Late application deadline for Autumn Quarter degree conferral ($50 fee). December 8-15 (Fri-Fri) Law School examinations. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). December 11-15 (Mon-Fri) End-Quarter examinations. December 15 (Fri) Winter Quarter Cardinal Care Waiver Deadline; see the Cardinal Care web site. December 16 (Sat, noon) Undergraduate housing closes for Winter Break; see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. December 19 (Tue, 11:59 p.m.) Grades due. January 11 (Thu) Conferral of degrees, Autumn Quarter. WINTER QUARTER 2017-18 October 29 (Sun) Axess opens for course enrollment. December 29 (Fri) At-status enrollment deadline in order to receive stipend or financial aid refund within the first week of term. January 6 (Sat, 8:00 a.m.) Undergraduate housing opens for Winter Quarter; see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. January 8 (Mon) First day of quarter; instruction begins for all students. January 8 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Preliminary Study List deadline.Students must be at status; i.e., students must have a study list with sufficient units to meet requirements for their status, whether full-time, 8-9-10 units (graduate students only), or approved Undergraduate Special Registration Status or Graduate Special Registration Status. The late study list fee is $200. January 8 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Deadline to submit Leave of Absence for full refund (see undergraduate leaves of absence and graduate leaves of absence). See Tuition and Refund Schedule for a full refund schedule. January 12 (Fri) GSB course add/drop deadline. January 15 (Mon) Martin Luther King, Jr., Day (holiday, no classes). January 26 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.)Â  Final Study List deadline, except GSB. Final day to add or drop a class; last day to adjust units on a variable-unit course. Last day for tuition reassessment for dropped courses or units. Students may withdraw from a course until the Course Withdrawal deadline and a W notation will appear on the transcript. February 19 (Mon) Presidents Day (holiday, no classes; Law does hold classes). February 21 (Wed, 5:00 p.m.) Term withdrawal deadline; last day to submit Leave of Absence to withdraw from the University with a partial refund. March 2 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Change of grading basis deadline, except GSB. March 2 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Course withdrawal deadline, except GSB, Law, and M.D. March 2 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Application deadline for Winter Quarter degree conferral. March 12 (Mon) Last day of Law classes. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). March 12-18 (Mon-Sun) End-Quarter Period. March 13-15 (Tue-Thu) Law School Reading Period. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). March 16 (Fri) Last day of classes (unless class meets on Sat.) March 16 (Fri) Last opportunity to arrange Incomplete in a course, at last class. March 16 (Fri, noon) University thesis, D.M.A. final project, Ph.D. dissertation, last day to submit. March 16 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Late application deadline for Winter Quarter degree conferral ($50 fee). March 16-23 (Fri-Fri) Law School examinations. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). March 19-23 (Mon-Fri) End-Quarter examinations. March 24 (Sat) Undergraduate housing move-out (if departing at end of Winter Quarter); see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. March 27 (Tue, 11:59 p.m.) Grades due. April 5 (Thu) Conferral of degrees, Winter Quarter. SPRING QUARTER 2017-18 February 11 (Sun) Axess opens for course enrollment. March 23 (Fri) At-status enrollment deadline in order to receive stipend or financial aid refund within the first week of term. March 31 (Sat) Undergraduate housing move-in date for Spring Quarter; see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. April 2 (Mon) First day of quarter; instruction begins for all students. April 2 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Preliminary Study List deadline.Students must be at status; i.e., students must have a study list with sufficient units to meet requirements for their status, whether full-time, 8-9-10 units (graduate students only), or approved Undergraduate Special Registration Status or Graduate Special Registration Status. The late study list fee is $200. April 2 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Deadline to submit Leave of Absence for full refund (see undergraduate leaves of absence and graduate leaves of absence). See See Tuition and Refund Schedule for a full refund schedule. April 5 (Thurs) GSB classes begin. April 10 (Tues) GSB course add/drop deadline. April 13 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Application deadline for Spring Quarter degree conferral. April 15 (Sun) Spring Quarter Cardinal Care Waiver Deadline; see the Cardinal Care web site. April 20 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Final Study List deadline, except GSB. Last day to add or drop a class; last day to adjust units on a variable-unit course. Last day for tuition reassessment for dropped courses or units. Students may withdraw from a course until the Course Withdrawal deadline and a W notation will appear on the transcript. May 14 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Term withdrawal deadline; last day to submit Leave of Absence to withdraw from the University with a partial refund. May 25 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Change of grading basis deadline, except GSB. May 25 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Course withdrawal deadline, except GSB, Law, and M.D. May 28 (Mon) Memorial Day (holiday, no classes). June 1-7 (Fri-Thu) End-Quarter Period. June 1 (Fri) Last day of Law classes. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). June 2-3 (Sat-Sun). Law School reading Period. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). June 4-8 (Mon-Fri) Law School examinations. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). June 6 (Wed) Last day of classes. June 6 (Wed) Last opportunity to arrange Incomplete in a course, at last class. June 6 (Wed, noon) University thesis, D.M.A. final project, or Ph.D. dissertation, last day to submit. June 6 (Wed, 5:00 p.m.) Late application deadline for Spring Quarter degree conferral ($50 fee). June 7 (Thu) Day before finals, no classes. June 8-13 (Fri-Wed) End-Quarter examinations. June 13 (Wed, noon) Grades for GSB graduating students due. June 14 (Thu, noon) Grades for graduating students due. June 15 (Fri) Undergraduate housing move-out date (for all students not involved in Commencement); see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. June 16 (Sat) Senior Class Day. June 16 (Sat) Baccalaureate Saturday. June 16 (Sat) Law School Diploma Ceremony. See the full Law School academic calendar (pdf). June 16 (Sat) GSB Diploma Ceremony. June 16 (Sat) Medical School Commencement Ceremony. June 17 (Sun) Commencement. Conferral of degrees, Spring Quarter. June 18 (Mon) Undergraduate Housing move-out date (for graduates and others involved in Commencement with permission); see Residential Dining Enterprises Calendar. June 19 (Tue, 11:59 p.m.) Grades for non-graduating students due. SUMMER QUARTER 2017-18 April 8 (Sun) Axess opens for course enrollment. June 15 (Fri) Summer Quarter Cardinal Care Waiver Deadline; see the Cardinal Care web site June 15 (Fri) At-status enrollment deadline in order to receive stipend or financial aid refund within the first week of term. June 25 (Mon) First day of quarter; instruction begins. June 25 (Mon, 5:00 p.m.) Preliminary Study List deadline. June 25 (Mon) Deadline to submit Leave of Absence for full refund (see undergraduate leaves of absence and graduate leaves of absence). See Tuition and Refund Schedule for a full refund schedule. July 4 (Wed) Independence Day (holiday, no classes). July 6 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Final Study List deadline.Final day to add or drop a class; last day to adjust units on a variable-unit course. Last day for tuition reassessment for dropped courses or units. Students may withdraw from a course until the Course Withdrawal deadline and a W notation will appear on the transcript. July 27 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Term withdrawal deadline; last day to submit Leave of Absence to withdraw from the University with a partial refund. August 3 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Change of grading basis deadline. August 3 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Course withdrawal deadline. August 3 (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Application deadline for Summer Quarter degree conferral. August 11-16 (Sat-Thu) End-Quarter Period. August 16 (Thu) Last day of classes. August 16 (Thu) Last opportunity to arrange Incomplete in a course, at last class. August 17-18 (Fri-Sat) End-Quarter examinations. August 21 (Tue, 11:59 p.m.) Grades due. August 31 (Fri, noon) University thesis, D.M.A. final project, or Ph.D. dissertation, last day to submit. August 31Â   (Fri, 5:00 p.m.) Late application deadline for Summer Quarter degree conferral ($50 fee). September 27 (Thu)Â  Conferral of degrees, Summer Quarter.